Inhalants types

Percentages of Youths Aged 12 to 17 Reporting Lifetime Inhalant Use, by Inhalant Type 2000... 

Main activities for the treatment of gas-inhaling type mass poisonings ... 

The two main determinants for medicine deposition in the respiratory tract are the aerodynamic size distribution of the aerosol and the manoeuvre with which the aerosol is inhaled. They govern the mechanisms that are respraisible for particle deposition in the lungs. By varying the inhalation manoeuvre, not only the distribution in the airways for the same aerosol is changed in many cases also the amount and properties of the delivered fine particle dose are affected. The complex interplay between inhalation manoeuvre, aerosol properties and site of deposition has led to many misconceptions regarding the best inhaler choice for individual patients and the way these inhalers need to be operated to achieve optimal therapy for the patient. In this chapter the medicine deposition mechanisms for inhaled aerosols are explained as functions of the variables involved. In addition, the working principles of different inhaler types are described and it is discussed how their performance depends on many inhalation variables. Finally, some persistent misconceptions in the literature about the most preferable dry powder inhaler properties and performance are umaveUed. 

Nitrous oxide is an inhalant type of anesthetic or analgesic gas. It serves as a propellant for various aerosol products, particularly with foods such as whipped cream and it is used as an oxidizing agent in blow-... 

Isoflurane is the most widely used inhalational anesthetic and more closely approaches the ideal than other marketed dmgs. It has found appHcation in the anesthetic management of all types of surgical procedures. 

Most general-purpose release agents have been developed for this market in part because of their low toxicity and chemical inertness and do not usually present health and safety problems. Some of the solvent dispersions require appropriate care in handling volatile solvents, and many supphers are offering water-based alternatives. Some of the sohds, particularly finely divided hydrophobic sohds, can also present inhalation problems. Some of the metallic soaps are toxic, although there is a trend away from the heavier, more toxic metals such as lead. The reactive type of release coating with monomers, prepolymers, and catalysts often presents specific handling difficulties. The potential user with health and safety questions is advised to consult the manufacturer directly. 

Carbon tetrachloride is toxic by inhalation of its vapor and oral intake of the Hquid. Inhalation of the vapor constitutes the principal ha2ard. Exposure to excessive levels of vapor is characterized by two types of response an anesthetic effect similar to that caused by compounds such as diethyl ether and chloroform and organic injury to the tissues of certain organs, in particular the Hver and kidneys. This type of injury may not become evident until 1—10 days after exposure. The nature of the effect is deterrnined largely by the vapor concentration but the extent or severity of the effect is deterrnined principaHy by the duration of exposure (38). 

Nail hardeners have been based on various proteia cross-linking agents. Only formaldehyde is widely used commercially. Contact with skin and inhalation must be avoided to preclude sensiti2ation and other adverse reactions. The popularity of products of this type is decreasiag because the polymers used ia nail elongators can be used to coat nails to iacrease the mechanical strength. 

The human body and other biological systems have a tremendous capacity to take in all types of chemicals and either utilize them to support some bodily function or eliminate them. As analyhcal capabihhes have improved, lower and lower concentrations of chemicals have been observed in various parts of the body. Some of these chemicals enter the body by inhalation. 

Resin type Examples Skin contact Inhalation Ingestion... 

Whenever a hydrocarbon backbone has two hydroxyl radicals attached to it, it becomes a special type of alcohol known as a glycol. The simplest of the glycols, and the most important, is ethylene glycol, whose molecular formula C2H4(OH)2. The molecular formula can also be written CHjOHCHjOH and may be printed as such on some labels. Ethylene glycol is a colorless, thick liquid with a sweet taste, is toxic by ingestion and by inhalation, and among its many uses is a permanent antifreeze and coolant for automobiles. It is a combustible liquid with a flash point of 240"F. 

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