Ingenuity

The principle of tire unattainability of absolute zero in no way limits one s ingenuity in trying to obtain lower and lower thennodynamic temperatures. The third law, in its statistical interpretation, essentially asserts that the ground quantum level of a system is ultimately non-degenerate, that some energy difference As must exist between states, so that at equilibrium at 0 K the system is certainly in that non-degenerate ground state with zero entropy. However, the As may be very small and temperatures of the order of As/Zr (where k is the Boltzmaim constant, the gas constant per molecule) may be obtainable. 

New metliods appear regularly. The principal challenges to the ingenuity of the spectroscopist are availability of appropriate radiation sources, absorption or distortion of the radiation by the windows and other components of the high-pressure cells, and small samples. Lasers and synchrotron radiation sources are especially valuable, and use of beryllium gaskets for diamond-anvil cells will open new applications. Impulse-stimulated Brillouin [75], coherent anti-Stokes Raman [76, 77], picosecond kinetics of shocked materials [78], visible circular and x-ray magnetic circular dicliroism [79, 80] and x-ray emission [72] are but a few recent spectroscopic developments in static and dynamic high-pressure research. 

Chemical ingenuity in using the properties of the elements and their compounds has allowed analyses to be carried out by processes analogous to the generation of hydrides. Osmium tetroxide is very volatile and can be formed easily by oxidation of osmium compounds. Some metals form volatile acetylacetonates (acac), such as iron, zinc, cobalt, chromium, and manganese (Figure 15.4). Iodides can be oxidized easily to iodine (another volatile element in itself), and carbonates or bicarbonates can be examined as COj after reaction with acid. 

The cyclones are typically designed with diameters of 100—160 cm for ease of maintenance. Cyclone inlet velocities are usually restricted to 18—21 m /s in the first stage and to 20—26 m/s in the second stage to achieve satisfactory pressure drop and erosion characteristics (62). The number of sets of two-stage cyclones thus depends on the total gas flow. Finding room to house all the necessary cyclones within the regenerator frequently requires considerable ingenuity (62). 

General The number of possible transformations one might use are unlimited. No specific overall rules can be given. Success in handling integration problems depends primarily upon experience and ingenuity. The following example illustrates the extent to which alternative approaches are possible. 

A present-value analysis that contains such uncertain factors generally requires a little ingenuity in assessing the full merits of an engineering project. 

The objection may be raised that the detailed description of processes makes no demand upon a student s resourcefulness or ingenuity. It must be remembered, howe er, that the manipulative part of organic chemistry is so unfamiliar to the elementary student that he requires minute directions in order to avoid waste of time and material. Until he has acquired considerable practical skill he cannot accomplish the experimental work requisite for research, and repeated failures will be apt to destroy his confidence in himself. 

As shown in the preceding pages, the uses that iminium salt chemistry has been put to are highly diversified. This elaboration of reactions should continue for a long time for there are some problems in iminium salt chemistry that are not answered and many questions that have not even been asked. The uses that iminium salts will be put to in the future as reaction intermediates are limited only by the ingenuity of chemists. 

There appears to be no end to the structural ingenuity of boron and, whilst it is true that many regularities can now be discerned in its stereochemistry, much more work is still needed to unravel the reaction pathways by which the compounds are formed and to elucidate the mechanisms by which they isomerize and interconvert. 

Most materials, be they natural or synthetic, have limited utility. However, technical ingenuity has increased the utility of these materials beyond anyone s wildest imagination. The enormous range of steel that can be produced by adding carbon or other elements to give it the required balance of properties, such as strength and hardness, related to changes in their microstructure [1-3] is just one example. 

Thomas Alva Edison, is the archetype of American ingenuity and inventiveness. He played a critical role in the early commercialization of electric power. He designed the first commercial incandescent electric light and power system and his laboratory produced... 

FPN) Through the exercise of ingenuity in the layout of electrical installations for hazardous (classified) locations, it is frequently possible to locate much of the equipment in less hazardous or in nonhazardous locations, and, thus, to reduce the amount of special equipment required. 

Everyone thinks of himself as a good observer. Yet there is much more to it than meets the eye. It takes concentration, alertness to detail, ingenuity, and often just plain patience. It even takes practice Consider an example from your own experience. Think how much can be written about an object as familiar as a burning candle Of course, it takes careful observation—a careful experiment. This means the candle must be observed in a laboratory, that is, in a place where conditions can be controlled. But, how do we know which conditions need be controlled Be ready for surprises here Sometimes the important conditions are difficult to discover. Here are some conditions that are important in some experiments but are not important here. 

It Is something of a miracle that quantum mechanics explains the periodic table to the extent that It does we should not let this fact seduce us into believing that It Is a deductive explanation. Attempts to explain the details of the periodic table continue to challenge the Ingenuity of quantum physicists and quantum chemists, and the periodic table will continue to present a test case for the adequacy of new methods developed in quantum chemistry. 

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