Informational hierarchy

Figure 5. The information hierarchy of SpinPro showing the categories of information available. The positions in the hierarchy can be expanded to give a more detailed breakdown of each subject.

Figure 1.3.A shows the scheme for another analytical information hierarchy that is complementary to the previous ones. Thus, gravimetries, titrimetries, classical qualitative analyses and sensors provide onedimensional information of the form F = where x is the signal concerned. On the other hand, instrumental techniques provide two-dimensional information that can be of two types depending on whether the signal (x) is combined with an instrumental parameter (y), time (f) or space (s). Some modem analytical techniques (several of which use hybrid instruments) furnish three-dimensional information by combining signals with one or two instrumental parameters (y, z), time and space. The great...

Control of physiological responses often involves several hormones. In some systems, two or more hormones act in opposition to each other (e.g., insulin and glucagon in the regulation of blood glucose). In other control systems, several hormones act in information hierarchies. Section 16.4 begins with a description of the best-researched example of such a hierarchy, referred to as a hormone cascade mechanism. This is followed by a discussion of growth factors, specialized proteins that stimulate cell division in susceptible cells. 

Informal hierarchies within the team may emerge. Increased training needs may result. 

Data Record. Data records are the lowest level in the information hierarchy and provide the explicit information. They have to start with a letter, a digit or a space. This requirement implicitly defines all other characters as potential control characters. If the remaining columns at the end of a record have the values zero or space they can be omitted. All data within a record are kept in free format unless a format is specified in the block or subblock itself. 

Figure 3. Information hierarchy in the SMD structure of 2-Hydroxypyridine-N-oxide given by Figure 2.

Although for clarity of the example no information blocks other than CT and LB have been included, the information structure in this example is more sophisticated compared to example 1 (cf. information hierarchies in Figures 3 and 5). 

To give some structure to the process design it is common to present information and ideas in the form of process flow schemes (PFS). These can take a number of forms and be prepared in various levels of detail. Atypical approach is to divide the process into a hierarchy differentiating the main process from both utility and safety processes. 

Figure 1-6 illustrates this hierarchy in going from data through information to knowledge. 

Property Data fretworks. These include the Materials Property Data Network, Inc. (MPD) (57) and Chemical Property Data Network (CPDN) and are available on STN. These networks provide menu access to numeric data on the performance of different materials and chemicals. Tables 5 and 6 summarize using the numeric files available on STN. NUMERIGUIDE is a data directory and property hierarchy support file produced by STN it contains information on all properties available in the numeric files on STN. 

A hierarchical representation of the information flow within a company leads to a better understanding of how information is passed from one layer to the next. Such representations can be developed in varying degrees of detail, and most companies have developed one that describes their specific practices. The following hierarchy consists of five levels. 

The type of power and social relationships in a group will also affect the overall performance. Although a formal status hierarchy is specified for each team by the plant management, it is well documented that groups have their own informal status structure which may be different from the formal one. In everyday duties it might be difficult to detect any contradictions between formal and informal status hierarchies. In an emergency situation, however, where different interpretations of the situation may be reached, such status problems may create difficulties with regard to whose opinion is followed. 

Decision/action charts are linear descriptions of the task and provide no information on the hierarchy of goals and objectives that the worker is trying to achieve. 

The DS team uncovered four additional sets of documentation systems when they conducted their detailed search of programs and elements. Each documentation system had its own set of standards for recording information, distribution, review and approval and for archiving. Furthermore, the incompatibilities of the various electronic systems were exacerbated by the lack of a corporate hierarchy on preferred computer platforms. 

The three dimensions introduced above, Dp, Di and Dq, are actually three members of an (uncountably infinite) hierarchy of generalized fractal dimensions introduced by Heiitschel and Procaccia [hent83]. The hierarchy is defined by generalizing the information function /(e) (equation 4.88) used in defining Dj to the i/ -order Renyi information function, Io e) -... 

The universe is organized into a hierarchy of information levels. 

What is information It is the incorporeal abstraction of how corporeal substance is organized. What energy is to matter, information is to how matter is organized. It follows that there is not only a hierarchy of matter-forms and interactions (i.e. thought of as conduits of energy), but a hierarchy of information as well. As matter is to substance energy is to process and information is to pattern. A... 

The CTD is organised into five modules. A schematic representation of the stmcture and hierarchy is shown in Figure 6.1. Module 1 is designed to contain region-specific information such as application forms and other administrative provisions that may apply. As such, it is not harmonised and is not considered part of the CTD. The other four modules present the technical data in a harmonised format. Module 2 should contain critical overview assessments of the quality, non-dinical and clinical data, together with summaries of the non-clinical and clinical data. The objective of this section is to provide reviewers with an introduction to the submission, and to orient... 

Communication flow Acceptability outside the hierarchy versus adherence to hierarchy The extent to which people are conditioned to seek information, knowledge and views outside the organization Insufficient data currently available to accurately distinguish between countries... 

For some material it is not useful to construct title sentences as described above. In these cases hierarchical lists, in which the topics are enumerated, are more appropriate. To inform the reader fully about the nature of the material being described, the headings of connected sections that are superior in hierarchy always occur as running heads at the top of each page. 

---