Information transfer from nucleic

Brenner, S. On the impossibility of all overlapping triplet codes in information transfer from nucleic acids to proteins. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. 43, 687 (1957). 

On the information transfer from nucleic acids to proteins. Biol. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 22, No. 8 (1955). 

A. Rich, and M. Yeas Problem of information transfer from nucleic acids to proteins. Advan. Biol. Med. Phys. 4, 23 (1956). 

Figure 24. Illustration of hase-pair analogues effector conception (26, 97, 98, 99, 100). Survey on simplified schemes of carho- and heteroaromatic systems (a) (preceding page) cytokinines (b) (this page, top) steroids (c) (this page, bottom) and structural analogues and differently shaped, effectors (d) (following page) of cellular information transfer from nucleic acids to protein.

Schmidt J.G., Nielsen P.E., Orgel L. E. Information transfer from peptide nucleic acids to RNA by template-directed syntheses. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997 25 4797- 802. 

The entire mechanism of information transfer from DNA to protein sequences is controlled and made possible by interactions involving nucleic acids and proteins. This includes replication, transcription, translation, repressor mechanisms, and, presumably, differentiation. 

The scientific world was amazed to hear that David Lee, from the laboratory of Reza Ghadiri (Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California), had found a self-replicating peptide (Lee et al., 1996) there are analogies to the experiments with oligonucleotides (see Sect. 6.4). Lee was able to show that a certain peptide, containing 32 amino acids, can both function as a matrix and also support its own synthesis autocatalytically. The information transfer is clearly more complex than that involved in nucleic acid replication. In the case of this particular peptide, both the... 

The biological information contained in the molecule of DNA is transferred during its replication and also during the production of w-RNA and s-RNA, the nucleic acids that intervene in the synthesis of proteins. The hypothesis generally accepted regarding this process is that, first of all, the two strands in DNA separate from each other. The second step towards the replication or the synthesis of RNA involves the formation of hydrogen bonds with new nucleotides14. A theoretical interpretation of this phase of the information transfer has still to be developed. 

Today, virtually all biology books speak of the genetic code, but none mentions signal transduction codes or splicing codes. Why Perhaps a brief historical summary may help us to understand. In the 1950s it became clear that protein synthesis requires a transfer of information from nucleic acids to proteins, and people realised that such a process must necessarily use a code. The existence of the genetic code, in... 

In the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the macromolecular nucleic acids are of prime importance in biology because they carry the building plan for each living individual. They are identically reduplicated and inherited from one generation to the next, be it bacterium, plant, animal, or man. The information about every feature of and about every molecule contained in a living being is encoded in the nucleotide sequence of its DNA, which is read out and translated into the amino acid sequences of its proteins. In the many different steps involved in this protein biosynthesis, information transfer takes place which would be impossible without the weak hydrogen bonds. Because they can easily and rapidly be formed and broken, they are ideally suited for these dynamic processes which are so important for life. 

Crick to postulate in 1958 the central dogma of DNA -that genetic information is maintained and transferred in a one-way process, moving from nucleic acids to proteins. 

DNA was first isolated in 1869 from the nuclei of white blood cells. Because it was found in the nucleus and was acidic, it was called nucleic acid. Eventually, scientists found that the nuclei of all cells contain DNA, but not until it was shown in 1944 that DNA could be transferred from one species to another, along with inheritable traits, did they realize that DNA is the carrier of genetic information. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick described the three-dimensional structure of DNA—the famed double helix. 

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