Inductive conclusion

In the domain which is covered by modern experimental sciences, the point of view of the ancients as compared with the present, is much the same as expressed by a student of the history of medical science, The Greek process of reasoning was observation, speculation, deductive hypothesis while the modern method is observation, experience, inductive conclusions. In medicine, Dr. Magnus points out that the Greek method of reasoning prevailed... 

Definition 3-2 Given background knowledge (B and a set of examples E, a hypothesis // is an inductive conclusion of and iff the following four conditions hold ... 

Since there are many possible inductive conclusions for any background knowledge and example set, it is necessary to prune the generalization search space so as to get useful inductive conclusions. Interesting approaches are based on induction biases ... 

Although there is no rehable method as of this writing for induction of Ag-speciftc unresponsiveness, some degree of tolerance has been observed by use of nonspecific immunosuppressive therapy. This conclusion is supported by a decrease in the frequency of precursor T-ceUs reactive with graft HLA Ags in long-term recipients of organ transplants. 

The hydrogen-deuterium exchange rates for 1,2-dimethylpyrazolium cation (protons 3 and 5 exchange faster than proton 4 Section 4.04.2.1.7(iii)) have been examined theoretically within the framework of the CNDO/2 approximation (73T3469). The final conclusion is that the relative reactivities of isomeric positions in the pyrazolium series are determined essentially by inductive and hybridization effects. 

Since SCC frequently shows a fairly long induction period (mouths to years), such tests must be conducted for very long periods before reliable conclusions can be drawn. 

Research on the nature of substituent constants continues, with results that can bewilder the nonspecialist. The dominant approach is a statistical one, and the main goal is to dissect substituent effects into separate electronic causes. This has led to a proliferation of terms, symbols, and conclusions. A central issue is (here we change terminology somewhat from our earlier usage) to determine the balance of field and inductive effects contributing to the observed polar electronic effect. In... 

The halo-2-nitronaphthalenes (Table XIII) enable one to draw tentative conclusions about intranitclear and internitclear activation in the isoquinolines for which data are not available. These compounds are numbered so as to show their relation to their isoquinoline analogs. The relative rates are summarized in the following tabulation along with the ratio of the rates of piperidino-debromination to that of the appropriate bromonaphthalene (res. = resonance activation, ind. = inductive activation). 

In conclusion, the AHR together with inter- and intracellular protein components comprises a very intriguing machinery fliat mediates the induction and regulation... 

Folgerung, /. conclusion, inference, induction. Folge wirkung,/. resultant, consequence, -zeit, /. period following, folglich, adv. consequently, folgsam, a. obedient. 

Bubbles are formed instantaneously. This conclusion made in [33] is based on estimates taken from earlier works [37]. As seen from the above cited works by S. E. Sosin et al., this is not always true viscoelastic liquids under triaxial stretching stress are not destroyed instantly. The existence of an induction period may produce a considerable effect on foam growth kinetics upon free foaming, when pressure is lowered instantaneously from P > Pcr to P < Pcr in a melt with dissolved gas. However, it would appear that microfaults in polymer melts, which are caused by factors... 

Arrhenius parameters for nitration of 4-aikylphenyltrimethyiammonium ions in nitric acid-sulphuric acid mixtures (Table 12). It was argued that the observed Baker-Nathan order of alkyl substituent effect was, in fact, the result of a steric effect superimposed upon an inductive order. However, a number of assumptions were involved in this deduction, and these render the conclusion less reliable than one would like it would be useful to have the thermodynamic parameters for nitration of the methyl substituted compound in particular, in order to compare with the data for the /-butyl compound, though experimental difficulties may preclude this. It would not be surprising if a true Baker-Nathan order were observed because it is observed for all other electrophilic substitutions in this medium1. 

It was of course not possible to introduce the deuterium atoms closer than three bonds away from the center of reaction , but the attenuation of the inductive effect with distance was not expected to affect the validity of the conclusions, especially considering the work of Streit-wieser and Klein (1964), who found that the isotope effect per deuterium in the solvolysis of benzhydryl chloride only decreased from 1 9% for deuterium in the ortho positions to l-5% for deuterium in the meta positions. 

At the conclusion of the induction period due to oxygen, polymerization sets in at a rate exceeding that for pure monomer under the same conditions. The polymeric peroxides apparently furnish a source of free radicals. Oxygen therefore combines the roles of inhibitor, comonomer, and (indirectly) of initiator. 

Later investigations have fully confirmed the conclusion that the crosslinking of the higher alkyl methacrylate polymers will take place on a gallery wall. We have been able to demonstrate that an induction time of about 11 years occurs before insoluble matter begins to form in commercial normal and isobutyl polymers on a well-illuminated museum wall (1,11). Protection against such loss of solubility is one of a number of reasons for recommending the use of ultraviolet filters over windows and over fluorescent-lamp sources in museums (12). 

A x - E) B as claimed. Thus one is only discussing whether the selection of assertions is done "bottcm-up" from desired conclusion (B) to sufficient (but perhaps not necessary) hypothesis (A) or "top-down" from A to B. In actual practice, inductive assertions may be assigned by both strategies. 

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