Induction period for formation

This approach involves considerations of surface catalysis which occurs prior to thin-film deposition. In this model the induction period for formation of a catalytic surface for thin-film growth tc is the probe of the surface catalysis. From Equation 5.74, it can be seen that there is no film deposition when no catalytic surface is created on the substrate surface, that is, tc and facile thin-film formation when a catalytic surface is provided, tc 0. On the other hand, when y 0, no precipitate formation occurs in the electrolyte and a catalytic surface is provided on the substrate. The model is based on only the effect of the concentration of metal ions and not on each of the components (anion concentrations, supporting electrolyte, pH adjustment, etc.), all of which play an important role in the growth rate and film thickness as indicated elsewhere [23, 25, 65]. 

The induction period for formation of PBN spin adducts in milk fat, isolated from butter, is shown in Figure S. The course of radical formation resemblances that typically observed in other accelerated oxidation tests, such as Rancimat and Oxidograph methods. This ESR procedure has the advantage of milder conditions compared to other methods, combined with a short assay time. 

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