Indoleamines

Aghajanian GK, Haigler HJ Hallucinogenic indoleamines preferential action upon presynaptic serotonin receptors. Psychopharmacol Commun 1 619-629, 1975... 

These are four monoamines synthesized and seereted within many mammalian tissues, ineluding various regions in the brain, sympathetic nervous system, enlero-chromafhn cells of the digestive tract, and adrenal mednlla. These biogenic amines (indoleamine and catecholamines — dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) are synthesized within the cell from their precursor amino acids and have been associated with many physiological and behavioral functions in animals and humans. 

Kilpatrick, L Jones, M. and Phillipson, O. A semiautomated analysis method for catecholamines, indoleamines, and some prominent metabolites in microdissected regions of the nervous system An isocratic HPLC technique employing eoulometric detection and minimal sample preparation. J Neurochem 46(6) 1865-1876, 1986. 

Villanueva, V. R. and Adlakha, R., Automated analysis of common basic amino acids, mono-, di-, and polyamine phenolic amines, and indoleamines in crude biological samples, Anal. Biochem., 91, 264, 1978. 

Ferry, G., Ubeaud, C., Lambert, P. H. et at (2005). Molecular evidence that melatonin is enzymatically oxidized in a different manner than tryptophan. Investigation on both indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase and myeloperoxidase. Biochem.J. 388, 205-15. 

Quaternary amine (or choline ester) Monoamine (a catecholamine) Monamine (a catecholamine) Secondary amine (a catecholamine) Monoamine (an indoleamine) Monoamine (an imidazoleamine)... 

Neurochemical theories for the affective disorders propose that there is a link between dysfunctional monoaminergic synapses within the central nervous system (CNS) and mood problems. The original focus was the neurotransmitter noradrenaline, or NA (note noradrenaline is called norepinephrine, or NE, in American texts). Schildkraut (1965) suggested that depression was associated with an absolute or relative deficiency of NA, while mania was associated with a functional excess of NA. Subsequently, another monoamine neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), or serotonin, was put forward in a rival indoleamine theory (Chapter 2). However, it was soon recognised that both proposals could be reconciled with the available clinical biochemical and pharmacological evidence (Luchins, 1976 Green and Costain, 1979). 

Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) A hallucinogenic indolylamine (indoleamine) structurally related to serotonin. 

Unlike catecholamines and indoleamines, histamine itself is not a direct inhibitor of its biosynthetic enzyme, but it exerts feedback control through the H3 autoreceptor. Perhaps the most powerful tool in the study of the histamine system is S-a-fluoromethylhistidine, a highly selective and potent suicide inhibitor of HDC [22]. This compound has been used successfully to study many of the functions of histamine in brain. 

Some, but not all, studies observe low CSF 5-HIAA in major depressive episodes. Numerous studies, though not all, have also reported no difference between patients with mania or depression in CSF 5-HIAA levels, consistent with both Prange et alls [15] permissive hypothesis for bipolar disorders and the indoleamine hypothesis. 

Stewart, R. M., Growdon, J. H., Cancian, D., and Baldessarini, R. J. (1976) Myoclonus after 5-hydroxytryptophan in rats with lesions of indoleamine neurons in the central nervous system. Neurology, 26 690-692. 

A second, more extensive experiment involved oral administration of three daily doses (100 mg/kg) of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA). This tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor (47), like reserpine, enhanced the behavioral effects of LSD (13) moreover, hypersensitivity occurred when 5-HT, but not other monoamine, concentrations were below normal in both forebrain and hindbrain (13). That is, effects were observed at 5 and 12 days (when 5-HT was depleted to 10-20% and 60-70% of normal) but not at 21 days (when 5-HT had returned to normal). Control experiments (13) indicated that (a) the interaction of PCPA, 5-HT, and LSD was probably not caused by generalized hyperactivity or hyperirritability sometimes seen after PCPA (73) (b) PCPA does not affect threshold doses of other psychoactive but nonserotonergic compounds, such as d-amphetamine (0.3 mg/kg) and (c) pretreatment with a-methylparatyrosine, a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor which depletes catecholamines rather than indoleamines, does not alter sensitivity to LSD. 

Cardoso, A.M. Ferrer, A.J. Fragmentation Reactions of Molecular Ions and Dications of Indoleamines. Eur. Mass Spectrom. 1999,5, 11-18. 

Stenson WF Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase augments trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis in mice. Gastroenterology 2003 125 1762-1773. 

Hayashi T, Beck L, Rossetto C, Gong X, Takikawa 0, Takabayashi K, Broide DH, Carson DA, Raz E Inhibition of experimental asthma by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. J Clin Invest 2004 114 270-279. 

Von Bubnoff D, Fimmers R, Bogdanow M,Matz H,KochS,BieberT Asymptomatic atopy is associated with increased indoleamine 2,3-dioxyge-nase activity and interleukin-10 production during seasonal allergen exposure. Clin Exp Allergy 2004 34 1056-1063. 

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