Indium oxide fluoride

F.R. Zhu, B.L. Low, K.R. Zhang, and S.J. Chua, Lithium-fluoride-modified indium tin oxide anode for enhanced carrier injection in phenyl-substituted polymer electroluminescent devices, Appl. Phys. Lett., 79 1205-1207, 2001. 

Indium oxide doped with tin oxide (indium-tin oxide (ITO)) or fluoride-doped tin oxide (often expressed as SnOaiF) are the two favoured layers of choice for most electrochemists and analysts. The thickness of such oxide layers is typically 0.3-0.6 pm, so the ITO-coated side of the electrode displays a pleasant purple sheen . 

However, several new organometallic fluorides have been reported, from the familiar dimer and chain structures of [(Mes)2GaF]2 and Cs[Bz2GaF2)to the hexanuclear galliumfluoride oxide, (Mes)6Ga6F404.THF (Figure la). More exotic still are two new indium fluorides,... 

Lee et al. (2005) employed flie PEDOT/PSS treated with a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent as the electrodes of all polymer bimorph cantilevers in which the piezoelectric polymer poly(vinyUdene fluoride) (PVDF) was used as the active layers, as shown in Fig. 27. They compared flic mechanical output of the bimorph cantilevers with the PEDOT/PSS (DMSO) electrodes and that of the inorganic electrodes such as platinum (Pt) and indium tin oxide (TTO). The cantilever with... 

Unlike boron, aluminum, gallium, and indium, thallium exists in both stable univalent (thaHous) and trivalent (thaUic) forms. There are numerous thaHous compounds, which are usually more stable than the corresponding thaUic compounds. The thaUium(I) ion resembles the alkaU metal ions and the silver ion in properties. In this respect, it forms a soluble, strongly basic hydroxide and a soluble carbonate, oxide, and cyanide like the alkaU metal ions. However, like the silver ion, it forms a very soluble fluoride, but the other haUdes are insoluble. Thallium (ITT) ion resembles aluminum, gallium, and indium ions in properties. 

Related to the nitrile oxide cycloadditions presented in Scheme 6.206 are 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of nitrones with alkenes leading to isoxazolidines. The group of Comes-Franchini has described cycloadditions of (Z)-a-phenyl-N-methylnitrone with allylic fluorides leading to enantiopure fluorine-containing isoxazolidines, and ultimately to amino polyols (Scheme 6.207) [374]. The reactions were carried out under solvent-free conditions in the presence of 5 mol% of either scandium(III) or indium(III) triflate. In the racemic series, an optimized 74% yield of an exo/endo mixture of cycloadducts was obtained within 15 min at 100 °C. In the case of the enantiopure allyl fluoride, a similar product distribution was achieved after 25 min at 100 °C. Reduction of the isoxazolidine cycloadducts with lithium aluminum hydride provided fluorinated enantiopure polyols of pharmaceutical interest possessing four stereocenters. 

A. The Oxide Fluorides of Boron, Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, and Thallium... 

Sodium borate Titanates Inorganic ceramic Boric oxide Silica Alumina Calcium fluoride Metal Silver Nickel Gold Tantalum Indium/lead ... 

Use of modified gold electrodes is not the only approach to achieve cytochrome c electrochemistry. Indeed, a number of studies have been reported on a variety of electrode surfaces. In 1977, Yeh and Kuwana illustrated (23) well-behaved voltammetric response of cytochrome c at a tin-doped indium oxide electrode the electrode reaction was found to be diffusion-controlled up to a scan rate of 500 mV sec Metal oxide electrodes were further studied (24, 25) independently in Hawkridge and Hill s groups. The electrochemical response of cytochrome c at tin-doped indium oxide and fluoride-doped tin oxide was very sensitive to the pretreatment procedures of the electrode surface. At thin-film ruthenium dioxide electrodes, variation of the faradaic current with pH correlating with the acid-base protonation of the electrode surface was observed. 

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