INDEX factors

Capital cost = factor X total co.st of ecpiipmont from published data X cost index factor to up-date (Fig. G-31). Factor is same as given in method 4, item 2. 

Capital cost = annual capacity in tons X per annual ton of capacity from, published figures (Fig. 6-2) X cost index factor to bring Tip to date (Fig. 6-31). 

As total cost varies as the mth power of capacity, C/Qc will vary as the (m - l)th power of the capacity ratio. When m = 1, a linear relationship exists and the law of economy of scale is ignored. For chemical processing equipment, for example, m is frequently approximately 0.6 and is sometimes called the sixth-tenth model. The units of Q are required to be consistent since it enters only as a ratio. For situations such as inflation and deflation, the model can be altered to consider price change. A change factor C, is placed in the equation along with index factors Ic and 1 as follows ... 

Drawdown and build-up surveys are typically performed once a production well has been completed, to establish the reservoir property of permeability (k), the well completion efficiency as denoted by its skin factor (S), and the well productivity index (PI). Unless the routine production tests indicate some unexpected change in the well s productivity, only SBHP surveys may be run, say once a year. A full drawdown and build-up survey would be run to establish the cause of unexplained changes in the well s productivity. 

Section 2 combines the former separate section on Mathematics with the material involving General Information and Conversion Tables. The fundamental physical constants reflect values recommended in 1986. Physical and chemical symbols and definitions have undergone extensive revision and expansion. Presented in 14 categories, the entries follow recommendations published in 1988 by the lUPAC. The table of abbreviations and standard letter symbols provides, in a sense, an alphabetical index to the foregoing tables. The table of conversion factors has been modified in view of recent data and inclusion of SI units cross-entries for archaic or unusual entries have been curtailed. 

A useful guide when using the polarity index is that a change in its value of 2 units corresponds to an approximate tenfold change in a solute s capacity factor. Thus, if k is 22 for the reverse-phase separation of a solute when using a mobile phase of water (P = 10.2), then switching to a 60 40 water-methanol mobile phase (P = 8.2) will decrease k to approximately 2.2. Note that the capacity factor decreases because we are switching from a more polar to a less polar mobile phase in a reverse-phase separation. 

Changing the mobile phase s polarity index, by changing the relative amounts of two solvents, provides a means of changing a solute s capacity factor. Such... 

The factor 1 - p/p2 cannot be too close to zero, nor can the refractive index of the polymer and the solvent be too similar. These additional considerations limit the choice of solvents for a synthetic polymer, while their values are optimal for aqueous protein solutions. 

The elasticity of a fiber describes its abiUty to return to original dimensions upon release of a deforming stress, and is quantitatively described by the stress or tenacity at the yield point. The final fiber quaUty factor is its toughness, which describes its abiUty to absorb work. Toughness may be quantitatively designated by the work required to mpture the fiber, which may be evaluated from the area under the total stress-strain curve. The usual textile unit for this property is mass pet unit linear density. The toughness index, defined as one-half the product of the stress and strain at break also in units of mass pet unit linear density, is frequentiy used as an approximation of the work required to mpture a fiber. The stress-strain curves of some typical textile fibers ate shown in Figure 5. 

G1 as s CO de b Thei mal stress resist ance °c Strain, °C Anne alia °C Soften in °c Workin °C Knoo P hardn ess, HKio 0 Den sity, g/c 3 m Youn g s mod ulus, GPa Poiss on s ratio 25° C 25 0° C 350 °C Powe r factor, % Diele ctric const ant Loss factor, % Refrac tive index... 

The procedure begins by using a material factor that is a function only of the physical properties of the chemical in use. The more hazardous the material, the higher the material factor. A table containing factors for common materials is provided with the Index. Additionally, a procedure is detailed for determining the material factor for unlisted materials. 

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