INDEX Codeine

From what we see on the next page (properties) we can tell that codeine is not very soluble, so it stands to reason that this will be the last substance that will be eluted from the column. Acetaminophen looks the most soluble, so lets get rid of it first. Acetone looks like a good choice, but its hard to tell because the Merck Index did not say if the other substances are soluble or insoluble in acetone. Try a little and see what types of crystals appear upon evaporating off the solvent, test the melting point and see if it is exactly as stated for acetaminophen. If there are only two types of crystals then it may be easier to go ahead and elute these and then separate... 

Opioids/narcotics (codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine [Demerol], morphine, oxycodone [OxyContin], propoxyphene [Darvon]) (see also individual agents in index) Street Names ... 

CANNABIS ANALGESICS - OPIOIDS -alfentanil, fentanyl, methadone, codeine, dextromethorphan Unpredictable changes in plasma concentration. Risk of toxicity or therapeutic failure, particularly of drugs with a narrow therapeutic index Induction or inhibition of CYP3A4-mediated metabolism by cannabis. It is not yet known whether the effects are dependent on the degree of cannabis consumption Be aware. Watch for signs of toxicity, especially when cannabis use abruptly changes... 

A codeine-containing cough syrup lists codeine sulfate as a major ingredient instead of codeine. The Merck Index gives C36H44N20 oS as the formula for codeine sulfate. Describe the composition of codeine sulfate. (See Exercise 67.) Why is codeine sulfate used instead of codeine ... 

While it is often held that genetic polymorphisms are most important when they affect drugs that have a narrow therapeutic index for which dangerous toxicity may result or perilous lack of effect may ensue/ this need not be the case. For example/ CYP2D6 converts codeine/ likely the most widely prescribed opiate in the world and the mainstay of pain control for a large number of patientS/ to its active metabolite morphine. ThuS/ patients who have deficient CYP2D6 are unable to make morphine/ and pharmacodynamic studies have shown that this results in decreased pain... 

In WP medium, the best DT proliferation (growth index 24.5 in Table 24) and shoot development. Fig. (66), were observed, giving the third highest content of codeine (158 pg/g dry weight). Papaverine and noscapine were detected only in plantlets (shoots with root system). These results imply that alkaloid concentration and composition in MAFF clone 1 are greatly influenced by their morphology and the degree of plant development. For the accumulation of alkaloids, to some extent, establishment of the root system appears to be important. Morphine was not detectable in any of the cultures. 

White JD, Caravatti G, Kline TB, Edstrom E, Rice KC, Brossi A (1983) Biomimetic total synthesis of (-)-codeine.Tetrahedron 39 2393-2397 Windholz M (1984) The Merck Index, 10th edn. Merck, Rahway NJ, no 6728 Wright CRA (1874) On the action of organic adds and their anhydrides on the natural alkaloids Part I. J Chem Soc 27 1031-1043... 

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