Inclusion and precipitation

Ion implantation also has promise in other tields involv ino surface technology for example, new metallurgical phases w ith prior unknown properties can be I untied. In some eases. Mich as heav y implantations of tantalum irt copper of phosphorus in iron, amorphous or glassy phases can be formed. Or. if the implanted atoms ore mobile, inclusions and precipitates can he formed as. for example, implanted argon and helium atoms are insoluble in metals and may form bobbles. The composition of a surface layer can be changed by differential sputtering caused by the implanted ions. 

Localized corrosion of passivating metals initiates at local heterogeneities, such as inclusions and second-phase precipitates as well as grain boundaries, dislocations, flaws, or sites of mechanical damage. In the case of stainless steel surfaces, pit initiation occurs at sites of MnS inclusions. Exclusion of inclusions and precipitates, nonequilibrium... 

If sulfur isotopic equilibrium between coexisting sulfates and sulfides was attained, using average values of sulfates and sulfides, -i-22%c and +5%c, respectively, we could estimate temperature using the equation by Ohmoto and Rye (1979). This temperature seems too high compared with temperature estimated from fluid inclusions and mineral assemblages (section 1.3.3). That means that sulfates and sulfides precipitated under the condition far from equilibrium. 

The step 1 product (3 g) and a-cyclodextrin (7.5 g) were dissolved in 50 ml of hot water at 70°C and placed into a refrigerator at 4°C overnight. The inclusion complex precipitated from solution in a pasty state and was then freeze-dried and isolated. 

The CGCM1 model produces the most extreme temperature changes of tmymodel that the USNA considered for inclusion, and the HadCM2 produces the most extreme precipitation changes. 

According to Buser,329 soluble Iron Blue is formed mainly during quick formation and precipitation of the pigments, leading to the inclusion of large amounts of water and potassium or ammonium ions... 

The driving forces of complex formation were thought to be the geometric compatibility or fit and intermolecular interaction between hosts and guests. It has been reported that many linear polymeric guests could form inclusion complexes with CDs resulting in main-chain pseudopolyrotaxanes. When the polymers were added into the CD solutions and then sonicated, crystalline inclusion complexes precipitated. As the result of X- ray diffraction study, all crystalline inclusion complexes between CDs and polymeric guests are columnar in structure [27,43],... 

Most contemporary bone will completely decalcify at a concentration of 1 g/135 ml of 0.5 M EDTA. Fossil bone, however, often has more calcium per dry weight of bone owing to protein loss and calcite inclusion, and it will saturate EDTA with calcium at this concentration, often forming a heavy white precipitate. Increasing the volume of the extract with fresh decalcifying solution will usually dissolve the precipitate. 

Some typical features of fracture origin such as internal or surface crack are shown in Figure 2.32. The fracture mirror is a smooth surface formed when an internal crack travels radially outwards upon acceleration. Then it starts to deviate from the original plane upon reaching a critical velocity, and intersects with the microstructural features such as inclusion or precipitate. This may also occur as the direction of principal tensile... 

Jacobson MZ (2006) Effects of absorption by soot inclusions within clouds and precipitation on global climate. J Phys Chem A 110 6860-6873... 

Ashby and Brown (1963a) have shown that the image width tv (defined as the width corresponding to a change of transmitted intensity of x percent from background intensity) depends principally on the dimensionless parameter = egro/tg, where c is the misfit strain between the inclusion and the matrix, and Tq the radius of the constrained precipitate particle. They constructed curves of w/tg as a function of logio Ps for values of x of 2, 10, 20, and 50 percent, from which it is possible to determine e by... 

It has been shown that the stability of the heme group is one of the most important factors in the denaturation (and precipitation) of hemoglobin both in vivo and in vitro (R17). Thus, when the replacement of an amino acid residue in the chain occurs in a position which is part of the heme contact, the stability of the molecule is usually affected, resulting in loss of the heme group from that particular chain and in a progressive denaturation. Rapid denaturation, therefore, is a characteristic of an unstable hemoglobin (R20). Precipitation of the protein takes place within the cell and intraerythrocytic inclusion bodies appear leading to increased cell destruction. 

The sample suite from each core can be divided into four factors on the basis of similarities in chemical compositions as defined by Q-mode factor modeling. Factor-1 samples are rich in trace metals due to adsorption onto clay, altered tuffaceous material, and (or) organic matter and precipitation as sulfides. The relatively high concentration of boron is probably related to its inclusion in authigenic feldspars. Factor-2 samples are rich in elements commonly associated with minerals of detrital or volcanic origin. These samples contain relatively high concentrations of analcime, dawsonite, and (or) potassium feldspar, all of which are associated with alteration of tuffaceous material. Siderite and ferroan or ankeritic... 

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