Incandescent Lamp case

The decision was based upon the old Supreme Court Incandescent Lamp Case, decided in 1895 (16). The Dosselman and Neymann case marked the beginning of a long series of cases involving the adequacy of disclosures in chemical applications, which have caused the chemical inventor and his attorney to multiply examples in order that there may be avoided the familiar rejection The claims are rejected as broader than the invention. Space does not permit a discussion of these many cases, which at times put an exceedingly heavy burden upon the inventor, but one may conclude with mention of a recent one. In this case (7), the... 

The term rarer elements as originally employed in the sense of their comparative rare occurrence and limited availability must now, in a number of cases, be regarded as a misnomer. Large quantities of some of these elements are utilized annually, and the range of their application is slowly but surely widening. A few examples may be mentioned the use of molybdenum, tungsten, titanium, and beryllium in the steel industry, of tungsten in the manufacture of incandescent lamps, and of titanium and uranium in the paint industry. The interpretation of the term rarer elements, as applied to the elements described in this chapter, is perhaps best accepted in the sense of their comparatively rare occurrence in routine qualitative analysis. 

It is quite impossible to measure the share ofX, inX by direct measurements, since the obtained relationship is valid only for a specific temperature (in the presented case, that of an incandescent lamp was 1400 °C... 

Figure 8.19. Principle of the halogen-filled incandescent lamp. This is a case of vapor transport. The tungsten filament can be kept at a very high temperature because evaporating tungsten is returned to the filament at lower temperatures near the bulb wall the evaporated atoms do not deposit on the bulb wall but react to a volatile component that decomposes to tungsten on the filament.

Further precautions are that heating by the lamp (that is important with high pressure lamps or incandescent lamps emitting in the visible) is controlled and that the reaction is monitored by UV/Vis spectroscopy, besides as by the preferred analytical method. This is because it must be ascertained whether (one of) the photoproduct(s) absorb(s) competitively with the reagent in that case the reaction may stop much before completion. Furthermore, the solutions should be not overly concentrated (this would cause a strongly decreasing absorption when proceeding... 

Radical brominations also take place readily in aqueous media, without the requirement of any cosolvents. In a recent paper, Iskra and coworkers report a number of cases of efficient benzylic bromination with NBS, using visible light (from simhght or an incandescent lamp) as the initiator (Fig. 11.20). ° However, the authors also report that in certain activated cases such as mesitylene (61), electrophilic bromination of the benzene ring predominates. 

In the absence of a suitably illuminated constant temperature room, a case 7 ft. high, 6 ft. wide, and 2 ft. deep is adapted to the purpose. The case is provided with glass shelves and with glass walls at each end. The insides of the front, back, top, and bottom are coated with aluminum paint. Continuous illumination is supplied by two 100 watt white fluorescent lamps at each end of the cabinet. Heat is furnished by four 60 watt incandescent lamps thermostatically controlled and located in the center of the top of the case. A circulating air system, cooled during the summer months, may be necessary to keep the temperature at 28 0.5 °C. 

Electronic excited states of a chemical species are generally produced by absorption of photons in the near UV (180-400 nm) and the visible (400-800 nm) spectral regions the light source must therefore provide radiations in this range. In practice, the most used sources are incandescent lamps, or arc lamps containing mercury or xenon as emitting gas in particular cases, laser sources can also be used. 

Light sources can either be broadband, such as a Globar, a Nemst glower, an incandescent wire or mercury arc lamp or they can be tunable, such as a laser or optical parametric oscillator (OPO). In the fomier case, a monocln-omator is needed to achieve spectral resolution. In the case of a tunable light source, the spectral resolution is detemiined by the linewidth of the source itself In either case, the spectral coverage of the light source imposes limits on the vibrational frequencies that can be measured. Of course, limitations on the dispersing element and detector also affect the overall spectral response of the spectrometer. 

The room was made dark and when a hot glass tube had cooled until it was just barely visible, a fragment of iodine was thrown into the tube, which thereupon filled with luminous vapours. To obtain more brilliancy one heats the vapour of iodine in a Bohemian glass tube by means of an enameller s lamp. The contents of the tube look like a red-hot bar of iron. One may also volatilize iodine around a platinum spiral brought to a vivid incandescence the luminous vapour rises like a real flame about the spiral. It is a case of farm without combustion. The light from the iodine gives a continuous spectrum, or rather a confused primary spectrum one perceives traces of characteristic channellings but no lines of the secondary spectrum. 

Thomson (15) states that most of the electricity which passes through an ordinary tungsten lamp is converted to heat (98% for a 100 watt lamp) not light . Because chemical reactions are accelerated in the presence of increased heat, the conditions are prime for chemical and physical deterioration of the artifact. If a fluorescent bulb were substituted for an incandescent bulb, the heat emission would be diminished, provided that the element were separated from the display case. However, extremely energetic UV radiation would be introduced (15). 

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