Inbred animals

Lack of consistency throughout a study is likely when a pathologist has only recently become involved with rodent carcinogenicity. Training is often in a clinical situation (especially in Europe), where each animal or person is unique and there is in a rodent carcinogenicity study consisting of 500 inbred animals. 

The traditional long-term bioassays use highly inbred animals, developed with the goal of reducing the variability in background tumor incidences as a means of... 

The use of closely inbred animals in pharmacological testing tends, of course, to lessen observed variability. 

Williams RJ, Pelton RB, Siegel FL. Individuality as exhibited by inbred animals its implications for human behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1962 48 14616. 

When considering the Hkely pharmacokinetic profile of a novel compound in man, it is important to recognize the variability that may be encountered in the cHnical setting. Animal pharmacokinetic studies are generally conducted in inbred animal colonies that tend to show minimal inter-subject variabiHty. The human population contains a diverse genetic mix, without the additional variability introduced by age, disease states, environmental factors and co-medications. Hence any estimate of pharmacokinetic behaviour in man must be tempered by the expected inherent variability. For compounds with high metabolic clearance (e. g. midazolam), inter-individual variability in metabolic clearance can lead to greater than 10-fold variation in oral clearance and hence systemic exposure [1]. 

The requirement of multifunctional peptide complexes is perhaps most obvious for the development of subunit peptide vaccines. Successful immunizations with peptide antigens cannot be achieved without the inclusion of a bystander T-helper cell determinant in the chemical entity (4) or in the immunizing cocktail (5). For outbred animals and humans, multiple peptide epitopes, representing determinants of more than one major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins, are used to overcome subunit vaccine unresponsiveness, and this also improves antigen presentation in inbred animals (6). 

Allelic variability in humans (compared to inbred animal strains)... 

Considerable differences in barrier function between human individuals have been reported. In vivo studies are often performed with inbred animal strains, thereby reducing the inter-individual differences. Studies with human volunteers, as well as in vitro studies, offer the possibility to include skin from various donors. 

Chimeric mice can be crossed with mice from the same strain as the ES cells to obtain corresponding inbred animals. If they are crossed with mice from a different... 

The level of heterogeneity in MUPs from wild mice was considerably greater than that observed in inbred animals. Although many of the MUPs characterised by each... 

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