In total cross section

Mean airstream velocity diminishes as inspiratory flow moves toward the lung parenchyma because of the rapid increase in total cross-sectional area. The largest increases in area occur in the distal bronchioles and pulmonary airways, causing u to approach zero because... 

Figure 37. Schematic illustration of dual-interaction model for ion-impact excitation resulting in oscillatory structure in total cross section see text.279...

Column 2 gives the binding energy of a neutron in the compound nucleus. Columns 3, 4 give observed Q-values in MeV taken mainly from reference [3T. Column 5 gives other reactions observed the (nn) process is known, in total cross section, for nearly all nuclei. a activity observed p reaction particles observed. 

Resonances in total cross section have been observed for the interaction of neutrons with all the main isotopes of elements from fluorine to calcium excepting neon and argon. Detailed analysis has only been possible for levels which are well separated, but some resonance parameters have been obtained. Observations... 

No levels are known for but the B levels are very well established by the dp) and oLp) reactions and by resonances in total cross section for neutrons. Angular distributions have been measured in both reactions and spin values obtained. The beta transitions from B and g,re both allowed and proceed partly to excited states alpha emitting states are observed for ot... 

For heavy projectiles, the area around the target nucleus, where deflection effects take place, is small compared to the geometrical area presented for excitation or ionization of the electron the Bohr radius for the K-shell of an antiproton is mjntp)(aQ)Zj. But at energies low compared to the potentials in the vicinity of the nucleus these deflection effects are important enough to show up, not just in cross sections differential in the impact parameter, but also in total cross sections. The reason is that at projectile speeds slow compared to the circulating electrons excitation and ionization takes place at small impact parameters. 

Now encounters between molecules, or between a molecule and the wall are accompanied by momentuin transfer. Thus if the wall acts as a diffuse reflector, molecules colliding wlch it lose all their axial momentum on average, so such encounters directly change the axial momentum of each species. In an intermolecuLar collision there is a lateral transfer of momentum to a different location in the cross-section, but there is also a net change in total momentum for species r if the molecule encountered belongs to a different species. Furthermore, chough the total momentum of a particular species is conserved in collisions between pairs of molecules of this same species, the successive lateral transfers of momentum associated with a sequence of collisions may terminate in momentum transfer to the wall. Thus there are three mechanisms by which a given species may lose momentum in the axial direction ... 

The enthalpy flux vector N per unit total cross section in the... 

The porosity appears in the denominator of the right-hand side of the equaUty owing to the dependence of velocity on the available flow area, which is reduced from the total cross-sectional area by the factor n. 

The peripheral stiffening zone (tray ring) is generally 25 to 50 mm (1 to 2 in) wide and occupies 2 to 5 percent of the cross section, the fraction decreasing with increase in plate diameter. Peripheiy waste (Fig. 14-28) occurs primarily with bubble-cap trays and results from the inabihty to fit the cap layout to the circular form of the plate. Valves and perforations can be located close to the wall and little dead area results. Typical values of the fraction of the total cross-sectional area available for vapor dispersion and contact with the liquid for cross-flow plates with a chord weir equal to 75 percent of the column diameter are given in Table 14-6. 

The open area for these plates ranges from 15 to 30 percent of the total cross section compared with 5 to 15 percent for sieve plates and 8 to 15 percent for bubble-cap plates. Hole sizes range from 6 to 25 mm (1/4 to 1 in), and slot widths from 6 to 12 mm (14 to V2 in). The Turbogrid and Ripple plates are proprietary devices. 

Ideally, the sample should be injected onto the column as an infinitely thin disc, which covers the total cross section of the column. Because this is impossible, PSS has injected finite volumes onto the columns. In theory, these injection volumes should be as low as possible. In order to be able to detect the sample with significance, a certain (high) concentration of the sample has to be injected. This concept works well for low molar mass compounds, which do not generate much sample viscosity. However, when working with samples... 

The three layers can be treated as an iso-strain parallel model in the flow direction. The total cross-section Atotai and the total tensile modulus totai E,) of a composite sample can be determined as follows ... 

Cooler Size, in. Pipe I.D. (Nom.), in. Pipe O.D. (Nom.), in. Inside Cross-section, ft Effective Inside Area Per Section, ft Effective Outside Area Per Section, ft Max. No. of Sections Per Cooler Total Effective Outside Area for Max. No. of Sections Weight Each Cooler Section, lb Weight Set of Tie Rod Assembhes, lb... 

The energy required for conveying can conveniently be considered in two parts that required for the flow of the air alone, and the additional energy necessitated by the presence of the particles. It should be noted, however, that the fluid friction will itself be somewhat modified for the following reasons die total cross-sectional area will not be available for the flow of fluid the pattern of turbulence will be affected by the solids and the pressure distribution through the pipeline will be different, and hence the gas density at a given point will be affected by the solids. 

The total number of holes in a cross-section, which is the number of channels, is... 

The >eff across the porous medium for this example is linearly related to the porosity of the path, which is in turn simply the ratio of the open cross-sectional area to the total cross-sectional area. There are no constriction or tortuosity effects in this example i.e., t = 1 and... 

Table 1.6 Characteristic quantities to be considered for micro-reactor dimensioning and layout. Steps 1, 2, and 3 correspond to the dimensioning of the channel diameter, channel length and channel walls, respectively. Symbols appearing in these expressions not previously defined are the effective axial diffusion coefficient D, the density thermal conductivity specific heat Cp and total cross-sectional area S, of the wall material, the total process gas mass flow m, and the reactant concentration Cg [114].

Current flow in a pore of length I and total cross section S produces an ohmic potential drop in the solution, which is the streaming potential ... 

In one of the more recent continuum models (69), an approach first suggested by Leonardo da Vinci in the fifteenth century, from his observations that the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the main stem of a tree equaled the total cross-sectional area of all the tree branches, was used. The more generalized rule was considered ... 

The top tube sheet is normally aligned with the liquid level in the base of the column Figure 12.58. The outlet pipe should be as short as possible, and have a cross-sectional area at least equal to the total cross-sectional area of the tubes. 

R a Ratio of bundle cross-sectional area in window zone to total cross-sectional ... 

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