In hybrid selection

The major problem in hybrid selection is degradation of mRNA by contaminants of formamide. Formamide is required to lower the T, to prevent RNA degradation due to high temperatures and should be deionized (stir 10 ml of formamide with 1 g of AG-501SA from Bio-Rad for 1 h at room temperature, filter and store at -70°C). 

Sol-gel techniques have been successfidly applied to form fuel cell components with enhanced microstructures for high-temperature fuel cells. The apphcations were recently extended to synthesis of hybrid electrolyte for PEMFC. Although die results look promising, the sol-gel processing needs further development to deposit micro-structured materials in a selective area such as the triple-phase boundary of a fuel cell. That is, in the case of PEMFC, the sol-gel techniques need to be expanded to form membrane-electrode-assembly with improved microstructures in addition to the synthesis of hybrid membranes to get higher fuel cell performance. 

James, P., Halladay, J., and Craig, E. A. (1996). Genomic libraries and a host strain designed for highly efficient two-hybrid selection in yeast. Genetics 144, 1425-1436. 

He got a Habilitation a diriger les recherches in 2008 and he is now developing his own project that consists of the elaboration of new hybrid metalloprotein catalysts for selective oxidation reactions, by insertion of metal cofactors into xylanases. He then studies their peroxidase, catalase, and monooxygenase activities, in particular in the selective oxidation of sulfides, alkanes, and alkenes. 

The level of mutagen process in the non-malignant cultures of cells, either induced or spontaneous, is very low. Thus, only from the long-term cultivated cells it is possible to select TK- or GPRT-defective cells suitable for hybridization in the selective system (Table 1). 

Figure 16.1. Schematic representation of the yeast two-hybrid system for evaluation of protein-protein interactions. Haploid yeast of a and a cells can mate to form (a/a) diploid cells. (A) If two test proteins, PT1 and PT2—expressed in (a/a) diploid cells as fusion proteins of DNA binding domains (DAB) and activation domains (AD) of yeast gene-transcript activator proteins—bind to each other, the binding interaction allows the diploid cells to grow in histidine selection media. Histidine selection media is permissive for diploid cells that express the HISS reporter gene only if PT1 and PT2 interact. (B) If PT1 and PT2 do not interact, no HISS gene product is expressed and the hybrid cell cannot grow in histidine media.

The structural assignments of 40, as based on H-NMR spectra, have been confirmed by l3C-NMR spectroscopy.90 In the formation of adducts the carbon atoms undergo upfield shifts in the order C6 C5 > C4 > C2. In accordance with this behavior, indicating a change in hybridization of C-6 from sp2 to sp3, the 7(C6-H) value decreases from 180 Hz of the initial substrate to 150 Hz of the adduct. In decoupling experiments, selective irradiation at vH6 and vH5 causes the C-6 and C-5 doublets, respectively, to collapse into singlets. 

PAL cDNA clones have been isolated from a number of species (Table 1). The first PAL cDNA clone was isolated from French bean suspension culture cells treated with fungal elicitor (Edwards et al., 1985). The clones were preselected by differential hybridisation to RNA from non-treated and elicitor-treated suspension culture cells. Further identification involved in vitro translation of hybrid-selected RNA and immunoprecipi-tation (Edwards et al., 1985), using an antibody raised against the purified bean PAL enzyme (Bolwell etal., 1985). This work identified pPAL5 as a PAL cDNA clone. 

Chikhachev, A.S. (1984) Genetic control over the population structure and hybridization of valuable fish stocks in artificial breeding (In Russian). In Genetics, Selection, Hybridization of Fish (V.S. Kirpichnikov, ed.), pp. 16-20. Rostov-on-Don. 

---