In Acetobacter xylinum

Triple-Stranded Left-Hand Helical Cellulose Microfibril in Acetobacter xylinum and in Tobacco Primary Cell Wall... 

Fig. I.—Proposed Model of Cellulose Assembly in Acetobacter xylinum. [d-GIu-can chain aggregates from organized, multiple-enzyme complexes, and extrusion pores crystallize into microfibrils, which then assemble into bundles and the normal ribbon at the cell surface.]...

The enzyme has been discovered in the leaves of topical grasses such as sugar cane [47], in the amoeba E. histolytica [48], in Bacteroides symbiosus [49], in P. shermanii [50], in Acetobacter xylinum [51] and in several photosynthetic bacteria including R. rubrum [52]. The dikinase appears to function in different directions in different organisms. For example in A. xylinum, P. shermanii, and in the C4 plants it functions in the direction of P-enolpyruvate formation. On the other hand, in E. histolytica and B. symbiosus, this enzyme provides a means of formation of pyruvate and ATP. 

Brown, R.M. Jr., WUlison, J.H.M., and Richardson, C.L. 1976. Cellulose biosynthesis in Acetobacter xylinum Visualization of the site of synthesis and direct measurement of the in vivo process. ProceeSngs of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 73(12) 4565—4569. 

Tonouchi, N., Tsuchida, T., Yoshinaga, F., Beppu, T., Horinouchi, S., 19%. Characterization of the biosynthetic pathway of cellulose from glucose and fructose in Acetobacter xylinum. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 60, 1377—1379. 

Kawano, S., Tajitna, K., Kono, H., Erata, T., Munekata, M., Takai, M., 2002. Effects of endogenous endo-(3-l,4-glucanase on cellulose biosynthesis in Acetobacter xylinum ATCC 23769. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 94, 275—281. 

Standal, R., Iversen, T., Coucheron, D., Fjaervik, E., Blatny, J., Valla, S.A., 1994. New gene required for cellulose production and a gene encoding cellulolytic activity in Acetobacter xylinum are colocahzed with the bcs operon. Journal of Bacteriology 176, 665-672. 

Tal, R., Wong, H., Calhoon, R., Gelfand, D., Fear, A., Volman, G., Mayer, R., Ross, R, Amikam, D., Weinhouse, H., Cohen, A., Sapir, S., Ghana, P., Benziman, M., 1998. Three cdg operons control cellular mmover of cycUc di-GMP in Acetobacter xylinum genetic organization and occurrence of conserved domains in isoenzymes. Journal of Bacteriology 180, 4416-4425. 

Benziman M., Haigler C.H., Brown, Jr. R.M., White A.R., and Cooper K.M. 1980. Cellulose biogenesis polymerization and crystallization are coupled processes in Acetobacter xylinum. PNAS USA 77 6678-6682. 

Romling U. (2002). Molecular biology of cellulose production in bacteria. Res Microbiol 153 205-212. Ross P, Aloni Y, Weinhouse H., Michaeli D., Weinberger-Ohana P., Mayer R., and Benziman M. 1986. Control of cellulose synthesis in Acetobacter xylinum a unique guanyl ologonucleotide is the immediate activator of the cellulose synthase. Carbohydrate Res 149 101-117. 

Saxena I.M. and Brown, Jr. R.M., 1995. Identification of a second cellulose synthase gene (acsAII) in Acetobacter xylinum. J Bacteriol 177 5276-5283. 

Wong H.C., Fear A.L., Calhoon R.D., Eichinger G.H., Mayer R., Amikam D., Benziman M., Gelfand D.H., Meade J.H., Emerick A.W., Bruner R., Ben-Bassat A., and Tal R. 1990. Genetic organization of the cellulose synthase operon in Acetobacter xylinum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 8130-8134. 

M. Benziman, C. H. Haigler, and R. M. Brown Jr, Cellulose biogenesis Polymerization and crystallization are coupled processes in acetobacter xylinum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77(11 1), 6678-6682(1980). 

Chang AL, Tuckerman JR, Gonzalez G, Mayer R, Weinhouse H, Vblman G, Amikam D, Benziman M, Gilles-Gonzalez MA. Phosphodiesterase Al, a regulator of cellulose synthesis in Acetobacter xylinum, is a heme-hased sensor. Biochemistry 2001 40 3420-3426. 

Griffin AM, Morris VJ, J M (1996a) Identification, cloning and sequencing the aceA gene involved in acetan biosynthesis in Acetobacter xylinum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 137 115-121... 

Ishikawa A, Tsuchida T, Yoshinaga F (1998b) Relationship between sulfaguanidine resistance and increased cellulose production in Acetobacter xylinum BPR3001E. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 62 1234-1236... 

Nakai T, Tonouchi N, Konishi K, Kojima Y, TsuchidaT, YoshinagaF, Sakai F, Hayashi T (1999) Enhancement of cellulose production by expression of sucrose synthase in Acetobacter xylinum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 14-18... 

SunagawaN, FujiwaraT.YodaT, Kawano S, Satoh Y, Yao M, Tajima K, Dairi T (2013) Cellulose eomplementing factor (Cep) is a new member of the eellulose synthase complex (terminal eomplex) in Acetobacter xylinum. J Biosci Bioeng 115 607-612 Tabuchi M (2007) Nanobiotech versus synthetic nanotech Nat Biotechnol 25 389-390 Tabuchi M, Baba Y (2005) Design for DNA separation medium using bacterial eellulose fibrils. Anal Chem 77 7090-7093... 

Tal R, Wong HC, Calhoon R, Gelfand D, Fear AL, Volman G, Mayer R, Ross P, Amikam D, Weinhouse H, Cohen A, Sapir S, Ghana P, Benziman M (1998) Three edg operons control cellular turnover of eyelie di-GMP in Acetobacter xylinum genetic organization and occurrence of conserved domains in isoenzymes. J Bacteriol 180 4416-4425... 

Valla S, Coucheron DH, Fjaervik E, Kjosbakken J, Weinhouse H, Ross P, Amikam D, Benziman M (1989) Cloning of a gene involved in cellulose biosynthesis in Acetobacter xylinum complementation of cellulose-negative mutants by the UDPG pyrophosphorylase structural gene. Mol Gen Genet 217 26-30... 

---