Imperfect separation

A part of the wax portion, which contained a considerable amount of oil in addition to the true wax, was further processed by fractionation by adsorption and by treatment with urea to form adducts of the latter with the n-paraffins. The wax portion was found to contain about 8% of aromatic hydrocarbons, which had been imperfectly separated from the main bulk of the aromatic hydrocarbons occurring in the extract oil portion. Of the remaining 92% of the wax portion, about 39% was determined to be n-paraffins and 53% cycloparaffins, with possibly a relatively small amount of branched paraffins. 

Although this extract contains but 2-3 g. of hydrocarbon, its use facilitates drying later on and reduces loss through an occasional imperfect separation of layers. 

Cross contamination of resin/regenerant through imperfect separation of the two resins. 

A simple single distillation stage gives an imperfect separation of liquid mixtures. The single distillation stage is repeated in a counterflow distillation process, or rectification, to give separate components of the desired purity. 

Capital investment is the installed costs of the column, its internals, the condenser, and the reboiler. Production costs are the cost of cooling water, steam, and losses of material due to imperfect separation. R can vary from a minimum to infinity. Capital investment is infinite and production... 

Membrane separation is based on the selective permeability property of membranes. Two systems are proposed (1) gas-gas separation with a gas phase at both sides of the membrane and (2) gas-liquid absorption separation with a liquid absorbing the diffused molecules. Due to imperfect separation, multiple stages may be required [46], Because of this, an increase in methane loss is obtained. This can be partly prevented by recirculation [60]. 

Si NMR spectra were measured on a Bruker spectrometer at 79.5 MHz. Chemical shifts are quoted in ppm from TMS. The SEC measurements were made on a 5 column set, using a polystyrene calibration. Hence molecular weights quoted can only be considered approximate. A smaller set of columns specifically for low molecular weights gave imperfect separation of the cyclic materials from which only qualitative assessments could be made. 

The subscript on the impurity ratio t/j refers to the phase (fraction or region) under consideration. Since phase 1 is supposed to contain primarily species 1 as a valid separation goal, species 2 in phase 1 is an impurity. Perfect separation therefore requires 1/1 = 0 and 1/2 = 0. For imperfect separation t/j > 0. Note, however, that 1/1 = 0 does not imply 1/2 = 0 or vice versa. 

Since the largest value of Yy is 1 and the smallest value is 0, f varies between 1 and 0, with the absolute sign taking care of any negative sign if it arises. In terms of perfect and imperfect separation, since the maximum value of Yy is 1, f = 1 implies perfect separation (if Yy is 1 and Yjy is zero if 7jfcj is 1 and Yy is zero). A uniform composition between the two regions is indicated by = 0, and there is no separation (see equation (1.4.22)). 

If the objective is to obtain a particle-free fluid, then perfect separation means no solid particles in the overflow (equivalent to the heads stream of Section 2.2) and no carrier fluid in the underflow (the tails stream of Section 2.2). If particle classification is the goal, then perfect separation requires all particles above a given size to be in the underflow and all particles smaller than the given size in the overflow. In an imperfect separation, some particles are always present in the overflow (when the goal is to have a particle-free carrier fluid). Similarly, due to imperfections in the separator, some particles coarser than the given size are in the overflow, just as some finer particles are in the underflow from the separator functioning as a classifier. 

We observe then that no more than two species may be imperfectly separated when ( h) is zero, and that only one pure species may be obtained with a poor recovery. To determine what will happen in the other solvent in the region z > Z, it is better to start imagining what will happen if the initial solute mixture pulse were introduced at z = Z (Figure 3.2.5B). If we can assume that a different sequence of profiies of species will be observed in each solvent vessel, then one can get at the most two pure species, one in each vessei from the furthest region from the solute introduction point. It is clear that this type of discontinuous potential profile can at the most separate two pure species and thus inherently lacks multicomponent separation capability. When the diffosion proi ess ceases in such a system after an adequate time has elapsed, the species are going to distribute themselves between the two solvents in a... 

The interphase (intermediate phase) is a result of an imperfect separation of the soft and hard phases it can be in the high-elastic, viscoelastic, or glassy state, and these physical states determine the material flexibility. 

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