Impedance Analyzers and LCR Meters

When measuring electrical impedance, the main specifications are frequency and impedance measurement ranges, precision, speed, and points per sweep. Just as important are requirements of the test setup like two-, three-, or four-electrode configuration, bias control and scalability—when it comes to multichannel or high 

Ethernet, or optional wireless interface are used for control from a PC and the system can be optionally extended with integrated graphical user interfaces, data analysis, and storage for stand-alone instrument use. The Corn-Interface allows for fiiU instrument control from Java, C, Lab View, Matlab, and so on. Additional fast hardware synchronization is possible through several sync in/out ports. 

Another option to measure electrical impedance are inductance (L), capacitance (C), and resistance (R) (LCR) meters, typically using various bridge circuits, adjusting variable reference elements until a detector signal becomes nuU. Newer generations also make use of the more general I—V-measurement approach. These are very common 

For RF measurements, another class of instruments is available. Modem high-end network analyzers range up to 110 GHz. These instmments use reflexion measurements to determine ratios of inserted to reflected power. Because of the use of directional couplers, the lower frequency limit will typically not go below a few kHz. To obtain complex impedance values, a vector network analyzer (VNA) is needed, because scalar network analyzers give absolute values only. Measurements can be conducted very fast 

---

RF impedance analyzers and LCR meters Agilent HP E4991A 1 MHz-3 GHz 0.1-10 3 X 10- RF impedance/material analyzer (Measurement technique RF FV)... 

---