Impact kinetic energy

In case that the decay of impact kinetic energy due to viscous dissipation is the predominant mechanism in droplet flattening, Madejski s full model reduces to ... 

For droplets of high surface tension, the droplet flattening process may be governed by the transformation of impact kinetic energy to surface energy. In case that this mechanism dominates, the flattening ratio becomes only dependent on the Weber number, as derived by Madej ski by fitting the numerical results of the full analytical model ... 

The elements of protection against a malicious action carried out by the use of an explosive vehicle are the subject of USNRC (1978) adopted in the USA. In it, in particular, various types of barriers are examined with an indication of the maximum impact kinetic energy they can withstand. The reference kinetic energy for the design is not available. Under the assumption, however, that its order of magnitude is 500000 ft lb, it would correspond to a 6 t truck at the speed of 60 km hr . ... 

Classical ion trajectory computer simulations based on the BCA are a series of evaluations of two-body collisions. The parameters involved in each collision are tire type of atoms of the projectile and the target atom, the kinetic energy of the projectile and the impact parameter. The general procedure for implementation of such computer simulations is as follows. All of the parameters involved in tlie calculation are defined the surface structure in tenns of the types of the constituent atoms, their positions in the surface and their themial vibration amplitude the projectile in tenns of the type of ion to be used, the incident beam direction and the initial kinetic energy the detector in tenns of the position, size and detection efficiency the type of potential fiinctions for possible collision pairs. 

Impact and Erosion. Impact involves the rapid appHcation of a substantial load to a relatively small area. Most of the kinetic energy from the impacting object is transformed into strain energy for crack propagation. Impact can produce immediate failure if there is complete penetration of the impacted body or if the impact induces a macrostress in the piece, causing it to deflect and then crack catastrophically. Failure can also occur if erosion reduces the cross section and load-bearing capacity of the component, causes a loss of dimensional tolerance, or causes the loss of a protective coating. Detailed information on impact and erosion is available (49). 

L.D. Bertholf et al.. Kinetic Energy Projectile Impact on Multi-Layered Targets Two-Dimensional Stress Wave Calculations, Prepared by Sandia National La-... 

The quantitative effect of the mass, energy, and angle of impact on the sputter yield for impacting deuterium ions is shown in Figs. 12a and b. As the kinetic energy... 

Impact damage Damage caused by the impact of a 25 mm diameter hemispherical impactor with 135 J of kinetic energy, or with that kinetic energy required to cause a dent 2.5 mm deep, whichever is least. 

In a strong electric field, a free electron acquires enough kinetic energy to cause an impact ionization i.e., an electron impacting on a neutral molecule causes an emission of a new electron, leading to the formation of new electron-ion pair. The new free electron is, in turn, accelerated to a velocity sufficient to cause further ionization. This leads to an avalanche-type generation of free electrons and ions. The electric field provides the necessary energy in such a way that the process can continue without the external radiation which was necessary for the onset of the process. 

The incidence of aircraft impacts may be significantly higher in certain areas (e g., in the vicinity or airports). The aircraft crash hazard is site specific and tlie failure is strongly dependent on the kinetic energy of tlie aircraft. Two types of data are needed to analyze for aircraft impact the aircraft crash rate in tlie site vicinity (per unit area per year) and tlie effective target area of tlie vulnerable item. Crash rates for different categories of aircraft can be obtained from state and national autliorities (e.g., FAA). The proximity of the site to airfields must be taken into account because crashes are much more frequent witliin a radius of approximately 3 miles. 

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