Immunogenicity intrinsic

High-dose IL-2 is approved for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The tumor is intrinsically immunogenic, and can elicit a host immune response that infrequently results in spontaneous remission of disease administration of IL-2 is believed to augment the normal immune response [53]. In a Phase II study that supported the approval of high-dose IL-2 for this indication, 15% of patients achieved objective responses (8% were partial responses and 7% complete responses). In this trial, patients received IL-2 at 600 000 or 720 000 U/kg per dose. The cumulative dose and the efficacy were similar between dose groups patients receiving the higher dose tolerated fewer cycles of therapy due to toxicity. 

Any consideration of the immunogenicity of a protein must take into account how its physiochemical properties can dictate the outcome of the immune response. We will consider only some of the intrinsic properties of antigens that are important in this respect other properties will be considered in the section Methods of Immunization. 

Activity the intrinsic qualities of the product, i.e., the immunogenic properties of the vaccine, are preserved during dehydration... 

The pathophysiology of isoimmune hemolysis is the same for all antigens. The differences in severity of disease are due to differences in the expression of the antigen on the surface of the cells, the intrinsic immunogenicity of the antigen, and peculiarities of the immune response of the mother. Destruction of the fetal erythrocytes, which is the central problem, produces several other problems. Fetal anemia imposes an extra burden on the fetal heart to provide adequate oxygen supply to fetal tissues. Anemia stimulates the fetal marrow and extramedullary erythropoiesis in the liver and spleen to replace the destroyed erythrocytes. Extramedullary erythropoiesis destroys hepatocytes and leads to decreased production of serum albumin and decreased oncotic pressure in tire intravascular space. 

In vivo capsule viability screen. The intrinsic behavior of the cells, diffusion of nutrients and cofactors, and immunogenicity all affect the viability and function of the cells in capsules. Multiple capsule configurations and cell matrix membrane combinations were tested. The combination of cell ECM scaffold was encapsulated with different membranes and capsules were implanted into CNS and ocular sites (such as rat ventricle, rabbit eye, dog eye, pig eye, and sheep intrathecal space). The optimal cell-matrix membrane combinations that show longevity and functional stability in vivo were chosen for further development. 

The development and application of biosensors has been discussed in several reviews [125, 126]. For instance, fabrication of cholesterol biosensors relies on the immobilization of cholesterol oxidase and cholesterol esterase onto CNTs, while horseradish peroxidase and flavocytochrome P450scc are also used for the same reason [125, 126]. Beyond the biosensing field, carbon nanotubes are also used as carriers for peptide, nucleic acid and drug delivery, due to their intrinsic property to cross cell membranes [102, 124]. The fact that the functionalized CNTs (f-CNTs) are not immunogenic and low-toxic opens the pathway for more research in the field of CNT-abetted drug delivery [102]. 

Recently, a new vector system, MIDGE (Minimalistic Immunogenically Defined Gene Expression), was developed in order to overcome the hurdles of plasmid-based technologies and to solve the above-mentioned problems. These small and linear expression vectors are superior in several aspects to all other known vectors. In particular, they are characterized by their excellent safety and their intrinsic and unique structure that allows the chemical attachment of targeting signals. 

Schneider CH, de Week AL (1970) Evaluation of intrinsic and extrinsic penicilloyl-specific immunogenicity of penicillins. The use of penicillin hydrolysis catalyzed by 3,6-bis-(di-methylaminomethyl)catechol. Immunochemistry 7 157-166 Schneider CH, de Week AL, Stauble E (1971 a) Carboxymethyl cellulose additives in penicillins and the elicitation of anaphylactic. Experientia 27 167-168 Schneider CH, Michl J, de Week AL (1971 b) Zur Antigenitat von Hapten-Polysaccharid-Konjugaten. Eur J Immunol 1 98-106... 

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