Immunoassay protocol

FIGURE 14.4 (a) Particle-based electrochemical immunoassay protocol (i) introduction of antibody-... 

Figure 6.1 Illustration of the SPMD in vitro bioassay and immunoassay protocol, which includes sampling, different levels of processing and enrichment, and bioassay or immunoassay. Reprinted with permission from the American Petroleum Institute (Huckins et al., 2002).

Fig. 38.2. Particle-based electrochemical immunoassay protocol. (A) Introduction of antibody-modified magnetic beads to magnet/carbon paste electrochemical transducer surface (B) binding of the IgG antigen to the antibodies on the magnetic beads (C) capture of the gold nanoparticle labelled secondary antibodies (D) electrochemical stripping detection of AuNPs. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [72].

Fig. 9. Enzyme electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassay protocol, (a) Trinitrotoluene (TNT) and dini-trophenyl of haptenylated dextran compete for antibody-binding sites, (b) Antibodies attached to dextran bound to streptavidin-coated paramagnetic beads, (c) ECL detection of enzyme-labelled antibodies magnetically concentrated on electrode. Reprinted from Wilson et al. [68], Copyright (2003), with permission...

In recent years, an increasing number of MIPs offering comparable affinities and cross-reactivity profiles to those of antibodies have been synthesised. Indeed, in 1993 it was demonstrated that imprinted polymers can be substituted for antibodies in immunoassay protocols [3]. The imprint-based assay was referred to as MIA (for... 

Separation-free, homogeneous immunoassay protocols offer several advantages in comparison to heterogeneous methods. Because no separation is involved, the number of procedural steps is decreased, which decreases the time required per assay. Additionally, because the physical transfer step is avoided, potential sample loss related to this step is eliminated. Drugs with low molecular weights (amphetamines, digoxin) are commonly measured by separation-free homogeneous immunoassay protocols. ... 

Khan et al have used Ti02-chitosan nanocomposite film for an electrochemical immunoassay protocol. The concept has been demonstrated for a simultaneous immunoassay of rabbit-IgGs, bovine serum albumin protein, Ti02-chitosan nanocomposite film and detection limit of 7.5 mM has been obtained [86],... 

Miniaturized immunosensors, which combine the analytical power of nuCTofluidic devices with the high specificity of antibody-antigen interactions, have been intensively developed [9-11, 47-51]. These platforms have proven to be highly suitable vehicles for conducting various immunoassay protocols. Our research groups have described a new approach to the performance of miniaturized electrochemical flow immunoassay system (on-chip typed flow immunoassay system) by using ferrocene-conjugated... 

Indirect methods utilize labeling. Typical labels for immunoassays are enzymes, fluorescent or radioactive molecules, nanoparticles, chemiluminescent probes, metal tags, and so on [158, 159]. By labeling, the immune reaction can be detected more sensitively through amplifying the corresponding electrochemical, optical, or other physical responses. That is why most conventional immunoassay protocols adopt labeling methods. Sandwich-type immunoassays are the most widely used... 

Fig. 25. An outline of the heterogeneous DPASV immunoassay protocol using the SPA-aHSA complex as an immunoadsorbent for labeled and unlabeled antigen. (Reprinted with permission from Doyle etal., 1982. Copyright 1982, American Chemical Society.)...

Immunoassay Protocol. The manufacturers recommendations were followed for use of the EIA kits. EIA measurements were done just prior to GC analysis. Each water sample was also spiked with 1.0 pg/L of atrazlne and tested by EIA. Each sample set consisted of a deionized water blank, and up to five samples. 

Quantify the amplification products by the sandwich immunoassay protocol of your choice or use the immunochromatographic technique detailed below. 

Fig. 8.17 Schematic of the on-chip competitive electrochemical immunoassay protocols described by Wang et al. [29].

Figure 11.4 Multiantigen multiplexed sandwich immunoassay protocol based on different quantum dots nanocrystal tracers (Reproduced with permission from [40]. Copyright 2004, American Chemical Society.)...

Recently, a streptavidin-functionalized capillary immune microreactor (Figure 10.8) was developed for highly efficient chemiluminescent immunoassay [67]. The functionalized capillary was used as both a support for highly efficient immobilization of antibody and a flow cell for flow-through immunoassay. For the immunoassay protocol,... 

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