Immobilization trace elements

Lithogeochemistry Both Key Anacon deposits have large, well-developed footwall and hanging wall alteration halos. Therefore, major- and immobile trace-element data are used to help discriminate rock types. 

It facilitates better uptake of nutrients like P and immobile trace elements like Zinc, Cobalt, Manganese, Iron, Copper, and Molybdenum leading to better nutrients for the plants. 

Morrison M.A., 1978, The use of immobile trace elements to distinguish the palaeotectonic affinities of metabasalts applications to the Falaeocene basalts of Mull and Skye, northwest Scotland. Earth Planet, Set. Lett., 39, 407—416. 

Chemical remediation refers to the application of various minerals or chemicals to adsorb, bind, precipitate or co-precipitate trace elements and heavy metals in soils and waters thereby reducing their bioavailability, toxicity, and mobility. In situ immobilization refers to the treatment of contaminants in place without having to excavate the soils or waste, often resulting in substantial cost savings. However, in situ immobilization or extraction by these physicochemical techniques can be expensive and are often only appropriate for small areas where rapid and complete decontamination is required. 

In order to determine the source composition of sediments using trace elements, it is necessary to ascertain that the element is immobile under conditions of diagenesis and weathering (Spalletti 2008). Several ratios and plots may be used to define the source rocks. The felsic source rock compositions are found in the Co/Th vs. La/Sc diagram (Fig. 3 Table 1). Other trace element characteristics of sedimentary rocks also place some constrains on the nature of the source rock. Floyd Leveridge (1987) used a La/Sc vs. Hf plot to discriminate between different source compositions. In this plot, most data fall in the felsic source to mixed felsic/basic source field (Fig. 4 Table 1). 

Supported liquid membrane (SLM) Aqueous solution An immiscible immobilized liquid membrane containing specific metal ion carriers Divalent metal ions Integrative field sampling, preconcentration of trace elements, mimicking biological membranes Days 74... 

One consequence of the proposed great oxidation event (GOE) of the atmosphere between 2.3 Ga and 2.0 Ga is that trace elements such as molybdenum, rhenium, and uranium, which are mobile during weathering in an oxidized environment, would have been essentially immobile before 2.3 Ga. Their concentration in seawater would then have been very much lower than today, and their enrichment in organic carbon-richshales would have been minimal. This agrees with the currently available data (Bekker et al., 2002 Yang and Holland, 2002). Carbonaceous shales older than ca. 2.3 Ga are not enriched in molybdenum, rhenium, and uranium. A transition... 

Recently, Bolan and Duraisamy (2003) have shown some case studies on the role of inorganic and organic soil amendments on immobilization and phytoavailability of trace elements. They showed evidence that lime is effective... 

However, Archaean basalts do have average compositions which are different from modern basalts (see Section 3.2.1.1) which could imply a difference in mantle source composition and raises the possibility that they sampled primitive mantle. This argument has been developed by Condie (2005) who used immobile incompatible trace element ratios to demonstrate a difference in source composition between modern and Archaean plume basalts. One of his principal findings is that Archaean plume... 

Many trace element studies use the ratio of fluid-mobile to immobile elements such as Ba(mobile)/La(immobile) and Pb/Ce in arc magmas as a monitor of fluid transfer into the mantle wedge (see e.g. Ayers, 1998). The higher the Ba/La or Pb/Ce ratio, the greater the fluid flux. In addition, further evidence for the presence of a fluid phase in the source of arc magmas is their relatively high water content. 

Therefore, reservoir minerals are expected to have a selective immobilization capacity for certain pollutants or trace elements. Mineral phases with special surface properties and amorphous materials may also be considered here (Table 9.8). Reservoir minerals may form in a wide range from high-tem-perature processes to temperatures of diagenesis. 

Arends J, Christoffersen J, Christoffersen MR, Eckert H, Fowler BO, Heughebaert JC, Nancollas GH, Yesinowski JP, Zawacki SJ (1987) A calcium hydroxylapatite precipitated from an aqueous-solution —an international multimethod analysis. J Cryst Growth 84 515-532 Arey JS, Seaman JC, Bertsch PM (1999) Immobilization of uranium in contaminated sediments by hydroxyapatite addition. Environ Sci Tech 33 337-342 Belousova EA, Griffin WL, O Reilly SY, Fisher NI. (2002) Apatite as an indicator mineral for mineral exploration Trace-element compositions and their relationship to host rock type. J Geochem Explor 76 45-69... 

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