Ilmenit reduction

B. Saensunon, G.A. Stewart, R. Pax, A combined Fe-M6ssbauer and X-ray diffraction study of the ilmenite reduction process in a commercial rotary kiln, InLj. Miner. Process. 2008, 86(1—4), 26-32. 

T. Nicholson. Mathematical Modeling of the Ilmenite Reduction Process in Rotary Kilns. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Queensland, 1995. 

The ilmenite reduction curves intersect at one atmosphere total pressure in a point located at 1068 l C and fo =... 

Titanium slag and synthetic mtile are also used as raw materials in the production of titanium whites. Titanium slag results from a metaHurgical process during which iron (qv) is removed from ilmenite by reduction with coke in an electric arc furnace at 1200—1600°C. Under these conditions, iron oxide is reduced to metal, melts, and separates from the formed titanium slag. Titanium slag contains 70—75% Ti02 and only 5—8% iron. 

Under normal conditions about 95—97% of TiOg from ilmenite is solubilized. Most of the iron in the solution is in the Fe " oxidation state. Any Fe " present must be reduced to Fe " because iron can only be removed by crystallization in its divalent form. The reduction is usually done by adding some scrap iron during the digestion step. 

Both processes also use up-graded ilmenite (slags). About 30% of the world s titanium feedstocks are suppHed by titanium slag producers in Canada, South Africa, and Norway. Slags are formed by the high temperature reduction of ilmenites in electric furnaces. Much of the iron oxide content is reduced to metallic iron and separated as a saleable by-product. Magnesium and other impurities may also be incorporated in the following equations. 

Some results of the reduction of hematite by graphite at 907 to 1,007°C in the presence of lithium oxide catalyst were correlated by the equation 1 — (1 — xY = kt. The reaction of solids ilmenite and carbon has the mechanism... 

The technology for the production of titania slag by direct reduction smelting in electric arc furnaces (particularly for smelting of iron titanates and ilmenites having lower amounts of titania) is very old and the process has been in vogue in Canada, Norway, South Africa,... 

Submerged arc smelting process Pre-reduction of ilmenite (50% Ti02) followed by smelting in arc furnace to yield pig iron and titania slag (87% Ti02) TINFOS, Norway... 

Musro [Murphy ores, CSIRO] Also written Murso. A process for beneficiating ilmenite by a combination of oxidation, reduction, and pressure leaching with hydrochloric acid. Invented in Australia in 1967 and developed jointly by Murphyores Pty and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, but not commercialized then. Further developed in 1992 by Pivot Mining NL, Queensland. 

Synthetic Rutile. In contrast to ilmenite, only a small number of rutile deposits can be mined economically, and the price of natural rutile is therefore high. Consequently, many different processes have been developed to remove the iron from ilmenite concentrates without changing the grain size of the mineral because this is highly suitable for the subsequent fluidized-bed chlorination process. All industrial processes involve reduction of Fe3+ with carbon or hydrogen, sometimes after preliminary activation of the ilmenite by oxidation. Depending on the reducing conditions, either Fe2 + is formed in an activated ilmenite lattice, or metallic iron is produced. 

Dissolution and Reduction. The cake obtained by digestion is dissolved in cold water or in dilute acid recycled from the process. A low temperature must be maintained (< 85 °C) to avoid premature hydrolysis, especially with the product from ilmenite. Air is blown in to agitate the mixture during dissolution. With the ilmenite product, the Ti02 concentration of the solution is 8-12 wt%, and with the slag product between 13 and 18 wt%. 

The trivalent iron is hydrolyzed together with the titanium compounds, and adheres to the titanium oxide hydrate. Therefore all the Fe3+ is reduced to Fe2+ by scrap iron during dissolution of the ilmenite product, or immediately afterwards. Reoxidation of the iron during subsequent processing is prevented with Ti3 + which is obtained by reducing a small part of the Ti4+. Alternatively, reduction of Ti4+ to Ti3+ can be carried out in part of the solution under optimized conditions this... 

The Travancore monazite is first reduced to convert leucoxene (ilmenite) into magnetite, thus changing the magnetic behaviour of the ilmenite [139]. The conductivity of monazite is not affected by the reduction process. Flotation processes have also been adopted to dress the Travancore monazite. 

Titanium cesium alum, 6 50 Titanium (II) chloride from disproportionation of titanium (III) chloride, 6 56, 61 Titanium(III) chloride, 6 52, 57 Titanium (IV) chloride, reduction of, with hydrogen, 6 52, 57 Titanium complex compounds, cations, with acetylacetone, [Ti-(C.H. hTiCl, and [Ti(C6H7-0,),]FeCl , 2 119, 120 Titanium(IV) oxide, extraction of, from ilmenite, 5 79, 81 to titanium powder with calcium, 6 47... 

Y. Chen, T. Hwang, J. S. Williams, Ball milling induced low-temperature Carbothermic Reduction of Ilmenite, Mater. Lett., 1996, 28, 55. 

Benilite [Beneficiation of ilmenite] Also called the Wah Chang process. A process for increasing the titanium content of ilmenite by extracting some of the iron with hot hydrochloric acid. The ore is pretreated by reduction in a rotary kiln. The extraction takes place in a rotating, spherical, iron... 

Titanium is relatively abundant in the earth s crust (0.6%). The main ores are ilmenite (FeTi03) and rutile, one of the several crystalline varieties of Ti02. It is not possible to obtain the metal by the common method of reduction with carbon because a very stable carbide is produced moreover, the metal is rather reactive toward oxygen and nitrogen at elevated temperatures. Because the metal has uniquely useful properties, however, expensive methods for its purification are justified. In addition to a proprietary electrolytic method, there is the older Kroll... 

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