Identification in coals

By early 1910, the bulk of Hesse s work had been completed. In June, he finally returned to the original work he had abandoned in 1907, the devising of a scheme for the detection, separation, and identification of coal-tar colors in foods. This work was also necessary as the government could not successfully prosecute a manufacturer for using a poisonous color in his products unless the dye s presence could be demonstrated. Over the next several months he completed this work with the assistance of a Bureau staff chemist. No report of this work was ever published (62). 

Tang JIS, Yen TF, Kawahara FK. 1983. Separation and identification of the organic species in coal conversion process wastewater In Symposium Chem Geochem Aspects Fossil Energy, 85-106. 

Anthony, E. J., Bulewicz, E. M., Dudek, K. Kozak, A. 2002. The long term behaviour of CFBC ash-watersystems. Waste Management, 22,99-111. Bauer, C. F. Natlsch, D. F. S. 1981. Identification and quantification of carbonate compounds in coal fly ash. Environmental Science and Technology, 15, 783-788. 

EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) 1998. Identification of Arsenic Species in Coal Ash Particles. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA, TR-109002. 

Identification of Minerals in Coal. Once the low-temperature mineral matter residue has been obtained by radiofrequency ashing, the minerals can be identified, and their concentrations can be determined by a variety of instrumental techniques. The best developed, most inclusive, and probably most reliable method used thus far in distinguishing minerals in coal is x-ray diffraction analysis. It has been used extensively by Gluskoter (15), Wolfe (17), O Gorman and Walker (2), and Rao and Gluskoter (1) and has been somewhat successful in quantifying mineral analyses. 

Optical microscopy is another method that has been used to determine the distribution of minerals in coal. This method is based on the detailed microscopic examination of polished or thin sections of coal in transmitted and/or reflected light. In principle, observing several of its optical properties, such as morphology, reflectance, refractive index, and anisotropy, makes identification of a mineral type possible. 

In recent years the Moessbauer effect has been used to study the mineral matter in coal (5-9). These investigations were essentially concerned with the identification of the minerals as... 

The major minerals in coal are clays. Kaolinite is usually present in coal, but its identification by Moessbauer spectroscopy is very difficult due to the small amount of iron present and to surface contamination of the clay grains with iron oxides, mainly goethite. The other clay minerals present in coal are il-lite, chlorite and mixed clays. Their identification is not always easy. We have used a simple method, carrying out Moessbauer measurements at low temperatures and applying an external magnetic field to resolve the spectra and distinguish, for example, between illite and chlorite (11). 

Ohno, T. Ito, Y. Mikami, E. Ikai, Y. Oka, H. Hayakawa, J. Nakagawa, T. Identification of coal tar dyes in cosmetics and foods using reversed phase TLC/scanning densitometry. Jpn. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1996, 42, 53-59. 

The combination of chromatography/mass spectrometry with MS/MS methods can in fact markedly enhance the analytical performance of the identification of phenols. This was demonstrated in the case of hydroxy aromatic components in coal-derived liquids. The analytical performance can be further improved by using chemical derivatization, as also shown in an MS/MS study of some methylphenols and methylnaphthols. In the course of GC/MS/MS analytical studies on nonylphenol in biological tissues, derivatization proved to be favourable in an indirect way The El mass spectrum of nonylphenol... 

Kennaway, E. (1955). Identification of carcinogenic compound in coal tar. Br Med J 2, 749—752. Kohan, M. J., Sangaiah, R., Ball, L. M., and Gold, A. (1985). Bacterial mutagenicity of aceanthrylene a novel cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon of low molecular weight. Mutat Res 155, 95-98. 

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