Ideal profiling Profile Method

Eventually, it should be stressed that rapid does not necessarily mean instantaneous. Rather, one should consider rapid proflling methods as ways to acquire data more rapidly than with their conventional equivalents. In Chapter 20, Blumenthal and Herbeth report that in order to evaluate sensations while driving, each assessor in their study drove a total of more than 25 h and 600 km, even if they used a quicker approach than conventional proflling. The same goes with other methods TDS is not as rapid, but it is much faster than traditional time-intensity measurements the Ideal Profile Method may also take some time for the panellists, but it is clearly more rapid than a full external preference mapping study. 

If consumers can profile products, and if consumers can rate the products relative to their own ideal (as with the JAR scale), then we could ask consumers to rate their ideal directly on a predefined list of attributes. This is the essence of the Ideal Profile Method (IPM) (Worch et al, 2013) that is presented here. As will be shown, the data obtained from this approach are directly actionable for product development and/ or product improvement (Hoggan, 1975). However, since these particular data are obtained from consumers who are rating a fictive ideal product, they require particular attention from the practitioners. 

Worch, T. and Ennis, J.M. (2013) Investigating the single ideal assnmption using Ideal Profile Method, Food Quality and Preference, 29,40-47. 

Worch, T., Le, S., Punter, P. and Pages, J. (2012b) Extension of the consistency of the data obtained with the Ideal Profile Method would the ideal products be more hked than the tested products Food Quality and Preference, 26, 74-80. 

The condition for the practical implementation of such a feed control is the availability of a computer controlled feed system and of an on-line measurement of the accumulation. The later condition can be achieved either by an on-line measurement of the reactant concentration, using analytical methods or indirectly, by using a heat balance of the reactor. The amount of reactant fed to the reactor corresponds to a certain energy of reaction and can be compared to the heat removed from the reaction mass by the heat exchange system. For such a measurement, the required data are the mass flow rate of the cooling medium, its inlet temperature, and its outlet temperature. The feed profile can also be simplified into three constant feed rates, which approximate the ideal profile. This kind of semi-batch process shortens the time-cycle of the process and maintains safe conditions during the whole process time. This procedure was shown to work with different reaction schemes [16, 19, 20], as long as the fed compound B does not enter parallel reactions. 

The concepts, as well as the corresponding step-by-step methodology for the analysis of the IPM data (called the Ideal Profile Analysis (IPA)), will be presented. Finally, the advantages/inconveniences of the IPM and its practical use compared to other methods (such as the Preference Mapping or JAR scale) will be discussed. 

Worch, T, Dooley, L., MeuUeneL J.F. and Punter, P.H. (2010b) Comparison of PLS dummy variables and Fishbone method to determine optimal product characteristics from ideal profiles, Food Quality and Preference, 21, 1077-1087. 

The elution by characteristic point method (named also as peak profile method) enables the determination of an adsorption isotherm from a single chromatogram. The method gives good results for ideal, Unear, and non-linear chromatographic conditions, for example, if the front or rear profiles of the elution peaks for various sample sizes superimpose. 

Knowledge of these types of reaetors is important beeause some industrial reaetors approaeh the idealized types or may be simulated by a number of ideal reaetors. In this ehapter, we will review the above reaetors and their applieations in the ehemieal proeess industries. Additionally, multiphase reaetors sueh as the fixed and fluidized beds are reviewed. In Chapter 5, the numerieal method of analysis will be used to model the eoneentration-time profiles of various reaetions in a bateh reaetor, and provide sizing of the bateh, semi-bateh, eontinuous flow stirred tank, and plug flow reaetors for both isothermal and adiabatie eonditions. 

The hydrophilic surface characteristics and the chemical nature of the polymer backbone in Toyopearl HW resins are the same as for packings in TSK-GEL PW HPLC columns. Consequently, Toyopearl HW packings are ideal scaleup resins for analytical separation methods developed with TSK-GEL HPLC columns. Eigure 4.44 shows a protein mixture first analyzed on TSK-GEL G3000 SWxl and TSK-GEL G3000 PWxl columns, then purified with the same mobile-phase conditions in a preparative Toyopearl HW-55 column. The elution profile and resolution remained similar from the analytical separation on the TSK-GEL G3000 PWxl column to the process-scale Toyopearl column. Scaleup from TSK-GEL PW columns can be direct and more predictable with Toyopearl HW resins. 

It would appear that measurement of the integrated absorption coefficient should furnish an ideal method of quantitative analysis. In practice, however, the absolute measurement of the absorption coefficients of atomic spectral lines is extremely difficult. The natural line width of an atomic spectral line is about 10 5 nm, but owing to the influence of Doppler and pressure effects, the line is broadened to about 0.002 nm at flame temperatures of2000-3000 K. To measure the absorption coefficient of a line thus broadened would require a spectrometer with a resolving power of 500000. This difficulty was overcome by Walsh,41 who used a source of sharp emission lines with a much smaller half width than the absorption line, and the radiation frequency of which is centred on the absorption frequency. In this way, the absorption coefficient at the centre of the line, Kmax, may be measured. If the profile of the absorption line is assumed to be due only to Doppler broadening, then there is a relationship between Kmax and N0. Thus the only requirement of the spectrometer is that it shall be capable of isolating the required resonance line from all other lines emitted by the source. 

Hahn E, Hahn K, Mohl C, Stoeppler M (1990) Zeeman SS-GFAAS - an ideal method for the evaluation of lead and cadmium profiles in bird s feathers. Fresenius J Anal Chem 377 306-309. 

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