Ideal microscope

We close these introductory remarks with a few comments on the methods which are actually used to study these models. They will for the most part be mentioned only very briefly. In the rest of this chapter, we shall focus mainly on computer simulations. Even those will not be explained in detail, for the simple reason that the models are too different and the simulation methods too many. Rather, we refer the reader to the available textbooks on simulation methods, e.g.. Ref. 32-35, and discuss only a few technical aspects here. In the case of atomistically realistic models, simulations are indeed the only possible way to approach these systems. Idealized microscopic models have usually been explored extensively by mean field methods. Even those can become quite involved for complex models, especially for chain models. One particularly popular and successful method to deal with chain molecules has been the self-consistent field theory. In a nutshell, it treats chains as random walks in a position-dependent chemical potential, which depends in turn on the conformational distributions of the chains in... 

Relatively recent contributions to oil-well cement microscopy include Polkowski (1987) who concluded that four cements with less than ideal microscopical characteristics still performed acceptably with different loadings of admixtures. 

Fig. 7.8 Typical idealized microscopic etch figures top view) on X-cut of right-handed quartz. Coordinate axes are defined for the right-handed quartz, (a) first twin crystal, (b) second twin crystal...

Figure 41. Image formation in an ideal microscope a) Specimen b) Objective lens c) Back-focal plane, objective aperture d) Image plane...

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