Icecaps

The north polar region of Mars consists of variously layered sediments, the upper layer consisting of water ice and thus having a high albedo. More detailed pictures ( 30 cm per pixel) were obtained from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). The sediment layers in this region are only about 10 cm thick but seem to be covered with a layer of dust. A detailed analysis of the HiRISE pictures of the north pole deposits indicate that complex, multi-step processes must have occurred at the polar icecaps (Herkenhoff et al., 2007). 

The cluster studied in this work is shown in Figure 1 with its neighbors in a unit cell based on yttrium ions. With this choice, the ions Cul, Cu2 and 04 each have all their nearest neighbors included into the cluster. We did not correct the influence of nearest point charges on the boundary ions 01, 02, and 03, by introducing pseudopotentials, as in the ICECAP program, see [38]. An account of such corrections complicates the calculation scheme used. The real influence of this effect will be checked in fiiture studies. The interionic distances were taken from Jorgensen et al. [50]. 

Cratering of Greenland icecap snow has been studied using 20-ton (Ref 56) and smaller (Ref 94) surface blasts. Tests have been run on structures constructed of snow (Ref 39). Shock pressures have been measured from the expln of TNT spheres at various depths below 2 ft of ice (Refs 40 47)... 

Cratering in Greenland Icecap Snow , AEWES-Misc Paper-N-70-6, Army Engineer Waterways Exptl Sta, Vicksburg (1970) 95) E.P. Leland,... 

Maurette, M., Jehanno, C., Robin, E. Hammer, C. 1987 Characteristics and mass distribution of extraterrestrial dust from the Greenland Icecap. Nature, Land. 328, 699-702. 

There are no doubt other useful materials elsewhere in nature, too in the oceans, polar icecaps, volcanoes, and maybe even other planets and moons. Before we can take advantage of these resources, there are a host of problems to be solved—but the possibility of a chemical cornucopia if we solve them. Where do we focus our efforts The answer may be found in the words of the venerable scientist and science writer, Isaac Asimov. He said, The most exciting phrase to hear in science. .. is not Eureka but That s funny. .. ... 

Global warming A phenomenon in which the average temperature of Earth rises, melting icecaps, raising sea levels, and causing other environmental problems. Causes include human-activities, including heavy emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). 

The present icecap on Greenland provides remarkably detailed evidence as to what happened to the climate. The Greenland ice sheet is more than 2 km thick, made up of layer upon layer of ice and frozen snow in a stratigraphy of the last several hundred thousand years. Borings deep into this ice provide information on past climate and show a steady decline in maximum temperature during the 500 years of the Viking occupation of Greenland. 

Icecap K. [Buigess Pigment] Anhydrous aluminum silicate. 

Clays - Most commercial clays are classified as hydrous. They are undesirable for use in liquid polysulfide base compounds because of their low pH. However, calcined clays have been found to be satisfactory for use in polysulfide compounds because they are less acidic. The best use of calcined clay fillers is in conjunction with precipitated calcium carbonate fillers to produce a compound with a relatively neutral pH value. For example, calcined clay of the type similar to Icecap K has given good results. 

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