HYSPLIT

Typically, the LRT smoke episodes are first detected by the increase in the PM concentration at the measurement site. If adequate real-time instruments are available, also the changes in the physical properties (e.g., particle size) and chemical composition of particles can be observed. Every PM pollution episode observed in Northern Europe is not associated with LRT smokes. Therefore, the origin of the polluted air masses must be identified, e.g., by using the backward air mass trajectory models (e.g., HYSPLIT provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or FLEXTRA [34]), that shows the path of air masses before arriving the measurement site. Additionally, Web Fire Mapper (http //maps. geog.umd.edu) shows the location and intensity of fires areas obtained from MODerate-resolution Imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS [10]) onboard the satellites. 

Most of the CTM models mentioned in the previous section allow back-trajectory calculations however, access is possible only through the research groups operating these models. Therefore, the most widely used tool is the open access NOAA Hysplit model [21],... 

Fig. 9 Left, satellite photo (infrared, 10.8 pm) of the Sahara dust plume on 28 May 2008, 12 UTC. Source EUMETSAT Meteosat [49]. Right. 72 h backward trajectories for 26 September 2008 showing air mass origin from arid regions north of the Caspian sea (NOAA Hysplit 4.9, data processed by TrajStat reprinted from [7] with permission from Elsevier)...

Draxler RR, Hess GD (1998) An overview of the HYSPLIT 4 modeling system of trajectories, dispersion, and deposition. Aust Meteorol Mag 47 295-308... 

A thorough analysis of atmospheric transport and deposition to the Great Lakes has been carried out using the HYSPLIT model developed by the US National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration (NOAA) [28,29]. An emissions inventory of PCDD/Fs for North America in 1996 was used as input to the model. Factors considered in the fate and distribution were meteorological data, vapor-particle partitioning, aerosol characteristics, reaction with hydroxyl radicals, photolysis, and dry and wet deposition. The model was generally satisfactory at estimating fluxes, except for HpCDD and OCDD, which appeared to be underestimated by about a factor of four. The model output was summarized as 2378-TeCDD toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQs) based on the WHO mammalian 2378-TeCDD toxic equivalent factors (TEFs) [30]. Since HpCDD and OCDD were estimated to contribute only 2% of TEQs, the model was considered to be valid for the purpose intended. 

Fig. 3 Estimate of the air emissions and distribution of atmospheric deposition of PCDD/F-derived TEQs to the Great Lakes (g TEQ year-1) from inside and outside the Great Lakes watershed, based on the NOAA HYSPLIT model. Reproduced with permission from Cohen [28,29]...

Fig. 5 Fraction of individual AHR congener contribution to total atmospheric deposition of TEQs in Lake Superior in 1996, based on the NOAA HYSPLIT model (from Cohen et al. [28])...

Wain AG, Lee SH, Mills GA, Hess GD, Cope ME, Tindale N (2006) Meteorological overview and verification of HYSPLIT and AAQES dust forecasts for the duststorm of 22-24 October 2002. Aust Meteorol Mag 55(1) 35 6... 

Air masses trajectories were obtained using HYSPLIT On-line Transport and... 

Financial support from NATO EST.ARW 980164 action for travel funding is gratefully acknowledged. The authors gratefully acknowledge the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) for the provision of the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model and/or READY website (http //www.arl.noaa.gov/ready.html) used in this publication. 

Draxler, R.R. and Rolph, G.D., 2003. HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model access via NOAA ARL READY Website (http //www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html). NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD. 

HYSPLIT 4 Hybrid single particle Langrangian integrated trajectory lARC International Agency for Research on Cancer... 

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