Hypogeous

Q87 Urinalysis for glucose monitoring is a good indicator of hypogly-caemia or hyperglycaemia. Blood glucose concentrations should be maintained at a constant level. 

The commonest cause of hypoglycaemia is administration of therapeutic doses of insulin or sulphonylureas in patients treated for diabetes. Nondiabetic people may also take or be given hypogly-caemic agents. Hypoglycaemia can occur spontaneously in insulinomas, hypoadrenalism, and other uncommon circumstances. 

Hikino, H., M. Murakami, Y. Oshima, and C. Konno. Isolation and hypogly-... 

McAulay V, Deary IJ, Frier BM. Symptoms of hypogly-caemia in people with diabetes. Diabet Med 2001 18(9) 690-705. 

Gold AE, Deary IJ, Frier BM. Recurrent severe hypogly-caemia and cognitive function in type 1 diabetes. Diabet... 

Hellmuth E, Damm P, Molsted-Pedersen L. Oral hypogly-caemic agents in 118 diabetic pregnancies. Diabet Med 2000 17(7) 507-11. 

Collier A, Patrick AW, Hepburn DA, Bell D, Jackson M, Dawes J, et al. Leucocyte mobilization and release of neutrophil elastase following acute insulin-induced hypogly-caemia in normal humans. Diabet Med 1990 7 506-509. 

Stevenson et al. (1991) studied the effects of engli-tazone in nondiabetic rats and found no overt hypogly-caemia but an enhancement of insulin action. 

INS-RTK agonist [hypoG] overdose yields hypoglycaemia, diabetic coma death Claus von Bulow convicted thence acquitted through Alan Dershowitz of attempted murder by insulin of his wealthy wife Sunny left in a comatose state (1980s)... 

Cromack, K., Sollins, P., Graustein, W. et al. (1979). Calcium oxalate accumulation and soil weathering in mats of the hypogeous fungus Hysterangium crassum. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 11, 463-8. 

Note. For a review of the pharmacokinetics of oral hypogly-caemic agents see L. Balant, Clin. Pharmacokinet., 1981,6, 215-241. 

Pezizales are a large monophyletic order that contains the species commonly called operculate discomycetes as well as derived hypogeous forms that have evanescent asci with ascospores spread by mycophagy. O Donnell et al. 

Poder R, Scheuer C Moserella radicicola gen. et sp. nov., a new hypogeous species of Leotiales on ectomycorrhizas of Picea abies. Mycol Res 1994 98 1334-1338. 

MTP-1403 (91) and MTP-1307 (92) are able to improve glucose tolerance in normal rats and in insulin-resistant mice and lower fasting plasma glucose in rats but not in insulin-deficient diabetic animals. In rats, the hypogly-caemic effect is accompanied by an increase in insulin levels, more pronounced with MTP-1307 than with MTP-1403. The mechanism of action is unknown. In vitro MTP-1307 inhibits gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes and glucose oxidation in adipose tissue, at 0.1 to 3 mM [397]. 

Repaglinide is a very short-acting oral hypogly-caemic agent whose action, like the sulphonylureas, is mediated through blockade of ATP-dependent potassium channels. It affects only postprandial insulin profiles, and should in theory reduce risk of hypoglycaemia. 

Current practice for women on oral hypogly-caemic agents who are planning, or starting, a pregnancy is to change to insulin and continue on it... 

Hvidberg A, Christensen NJ, Hilsted J. Counterregulatory hormones in insulin-treated diabetic patients admitted to an accident and emergency department with hypogly-caemia. Diabet Med 1998 15(3) 199-204. 

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