Hydroxide bases formulas

Choline is thus a quaternary ammonium hydroxide base, viz., tri-methyl hydroxy-ethyl ammonium hydroxide, as in the formula just given. The constitution of lecithin is therefore as follows ... 

Neutralization reactions involving metal hydroxide bases produce a salt and water. CH3COOH is a weak acid (see Table 4-6), and so it is written as formula units. KOH is a strong base (see Table 4-7) and KCH3COO is a soluble salt (solubility guidelines 2 and 3), and so both are written in ionic form. 

The word anhydrous means without water. An anhydride is a metal oxide or a non-metal oxide derived from a base or an oxy-acid by the removal of water. To determine the formula of an anhydride, the elements of water are removed from an acid or base formula until all the hydrogen is removed. Sometimes more than one formula unit is needed to remove all the hydrogen as water. The formula of the anhydride then consists of the remaining metal or nonmetal and the remaining oxygen atoms. In calcium hydroxide, removal of water as indicated leaves CaO as the anhydride ... 

Nloha.tes, Niobic acid is amphoteric and can act as an acid radical in several series of compounds, which are referred to as niobates. Niobic acid is soluble in solutions of the hydroxides of alkaH metals to form niobates. Fusion of the anhydrous pentoxide with alkaH metal hydroxides or carbonates also yields niobates. Most niobates are insoluble in water with the exception of those alkaH metal niobates having a base-to-acid ratio greater than one. The most weU-known water-soluble niobates are the 4 3 ad the 7 6 salts (base acid), having empirical formulas MgNb O c, (aq) and M24Nb2202y (aq), respectively. The hexaniobate is hydrolyzed in aqueous solution according to the pH-dependent reversible equiHbria (130), when the pH is ca 9. 

The base boiled in methyl alcoholic solution with methyl iodide and potassium hydroxide, forms a gelatinous methiodide, which was converted by silver chloride into the methochloride. The latter when boiled with 20 per cent, solution of sodium hydroxide, produced a mixture of methine bases, which were separated as the methiodides into 0-methylbebeerine-methine methiodide B, m.p. 237° (cf. p. 375), and a lasvorotatory form, m.p. 190°, which proved to be the lasvo-enantiomorph of d-O-methyl-bebeerinemethine methiodide (form C, p. 375). Chondrofoline therefore belongs to the bebeerine type represented by formula (III). In it R = H, the single phenolic hydroxyl is at ORj or OR4 and the remaining groups, OR2, OR 3, OR or alternatively ORj, OR2, OR 3 are methoxyl groups (King,i 1940). 

Chromic hydroxide, Cr(OH)3, is a compound with low solubility in water. It is usually hydrated and does not have the definite composition represented by the formula. It is quite soluble either in strong acid or strong base. 

Figlarz and his co-workers have suggested that the formula Ni(OH)2 nHzO is not the correct one for a - Ni(OH)2 [46, 47]. They studied -Ni(OH)2 materials made by precipitation of the hydroxide by the addition of NH4OH to solutions of various nickel salts. In addition to Ni(N03)2 and NiC03 they used nickel salts with carboxylic anions of various sizes. They found that the interlaminar distance in the a - Ni(OH)2 depended on the nickel salt anion size. For instance, when the nickel adipate was used the interlaminar distance was 13.2A. Infrared studies of a - Ni(OH)2 precipitated from Ni(N03)2 indicated that NO, was incorporated into the hydroxide and was bonded to Ni. They suggested a model based on hydroxide vacancies and proposed a formula Ni(OH)2 tA, B, H20... 

Not all bases contain hydroxide, however. For example, Na2C03 is a base, but its name is sodium carbonate. Baking soda, which has a chemical formula of NaHC03, is also a base. The scientific name for baking soda is sodium hydrogen carbonate (hydrogen carbonate is the name of the polyatomic ion). 

The subscript after potassium in the chemical formula for potassium sulfate shows that two potassium ions are needed. Potassium sulfate is a salt. When the two equations are put together (as they would occur when the acid and base are mixed together), they represent the double displacement neutralization reaction that occurs between sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide ... 

Ans. Reactions (c). (r/), and (/) occur in basic solution. The presence of OH ions shows immediately that the solution is basic. (The presence of NH, also indicates basic solution in acid solution, this base would react to form NH4 ) The other reactions are not in base H is present. Also, if they were in base, the metal ions would react to form insoluble hydroxides and their ionic formulas would not be given. 

The equivalent is defined in terms of a chemical reaction. It is defined in one of two different ways, depending on whether an oxidation-reduction reaction or an acid-base reaction is under discussion. For an oxidation-reduction reaction, an equivalent is the quantity of a substance that will react with or yield 1 mol of electrons. For an acid-base reaction, an equivalent is the quantity of a substance that will react with or yield 1 mol of hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions. Note that the equivalent is defined in terms of a reaction, not merely in terms of a formula. Thus, the same mass of the same compound undergoing different reactions can correspond to different numbers of equivalents. The ability to determine the number of equivalents per mole is the key to calculations in this chapter. 

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