Hydrothermal systems geochemistry

Aoki, M., Comsti, E.C., Florin, B.L. and Matsuhisa, Y. (1993) Evolution of the hydrothermal system with special reference to the geochemistry of alunite solid-solution. Baguio Report of Research and Development Cooperation 1717 Project, 8741, 42-63. 

Giggenbach, W.F. (1997) The origin and evolution of fluids in magmatic-hydrothermal systems. In Barnes, H.L. (ed.). Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits. New York John Wiley and Sons, pp. 699-... 

Shikazono, N., Utada, M. and Shimizu, M. (1995) Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of hydrothermal alteration of basalt in the Kuroko mine area, Japan Implications for the evolution of back arc basin hydrothermal system. Applied Geochemistry, 10, 621-642. 

Shikazono, N. (1999) Rare earth element geochemistry of Kuro ores and hydrothermaily altered rocks Implication for the evolution of submarine hydrothermal systems at back-arc basins. Resource Geol. Spec. Issue, 20, 23-30. 

The variety of life forms to be found near hydrothermal vents does not, of course, mean that life itself originated there these geological systems are much too unstable for that. The dynamics of tectonic plates cause the vents to disappear after some decades, or at most after a few hundred years. According to Nils Holm from the Department of Geology and Geochemistry at the University of Stockholm, the discovery of the hydrothermal vents led to intense, and in some cases controversial, discussions of the question as to whether hydrothermal systems were the birthplaces of life around four billion years ago. Many geologists believe that hydrothermal activity on the primeval Earth was probably stronger than it is today, as the thick... 

Geochemistry of the magmatic-hydrothermal system of Kawah Ijen volcano, East Java, Indonesia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 97, 31-53. 

Helgeson, H. C. Thermodynamic Constraints on Mass Transfer in Hydrothermal Systems at High Temperatures and Pressures. 24th Intern. Geol. Congr., Montreal, Sect 10, Geochemistry, P. 230 (1972). 

Schiffman P. and Smith B. M. (1988) Petrology and oxygen isotope geochemistry of a fossil seawater hydrothermal system within the Solea Graben, northern Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 4612-4624. 

Shanks W. C., Ill (2001) Stable isotopes in seafloor hydrothermal systems vent fluids, hydrothermal deposits, hydrothermal alteration, and microbial processes. In Stable Isotope Geochemistry, Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 43 (eds. J. W. Valley and D. R. Cole). Mineralogical Society of America, pp. 469 -525. 

Mills R. A. and Elderfield H. (1995) Hydrothermal activity and the geochemistry of metalliferous sediment. In Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems, Monograph 91 (eds. S. E. Humphris, R. A. Zierenberg, L. S. Mullineaux, and R. E. Thomson). American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp. 392-407. 

Scott, S.D. (1997) Submarine hydrothermal systems and deposits, in Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits (ed. H.L. Barnes), J. Wiley, New York, pp. 797-875. 

A very important feature of capsule techniques in quenching experiments is the possibility of using the buffers. Buffers are flie additional phases placed in a charge capsule or in the second capsule in the experiments with hydrothermal systems to control the activity of some components. Most often it is tiie acidity of aqueous fluid. This approach to the study of natural hydrothermal systems, where the activity of one (or several) of the system s component(s) (for example pH or fugacity of O2, H2, S2, CO2) is under control of special reactions, was developed by Eugster (1957) and is widely used in experimental geochemistry. Details of the buffer technique have been reviewed by Huebner (Ulmer, 1971) and by Eugster et al. (Ulmer and Barnes, 1987). 

In the USA, just after WWI, geochemist Morey began the first phase equilibria studies in hydrothermal systems. By the middle of the 20 century, there was a flourishing discipline in geochemistry in the USA, culminating the work of Kennedy and collaborators on phase separation in aqueous salt solutions at high pressures and temperatures. Time and again, it was rediscovered that the phase... 

Shikazono N (2003) Geochemical and tectonic evolution of arc-back arc hydrothermal systems implication for the origin of kuroko and epithermal vein-type mineralization and the global geochemical cycle. Developments in geochemistry 8. Elsevier, Amsterdam Walther JV, Wood BJ (1986) Fluid-rock interactions during metamorphism, vol 5, Advances in... 

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