Hydrographic stations

The results of multi-year oceanographic observations on the Black Sea are taken together in several databases including, with some minor differences, about 100 000 hydrographic stations. The main bases of oceanographic information on the Black Sea are available at the All-Russia Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information in Obninsk, MHI NASU in Sevastopol, SOI, and at the Department of Oceanology of the Moscow State University. 

Fig. 1 a Location of all shipboard hydrographic observations in the Black Sea. Thick lines the standard sections segments (1-3) discussed in the text. Thin lines depth contours of 20, 50, 100, 200, 300, 500, and 1000 m. b Distribution of the shipboard hydrographic stations over the years... 

FIGURE 11.1 Map of 244260 hydrographic stations from 1900 to 2005 available for BALTIC. 

Not all of the regular grid cells are wet cells their surface areas and available water volumes depend significantly on their positions. Figure 11.1 displays the scatter of 244 260 available hydrographic stations. 

Sampling. Samples have been collected by employing the 140-liter sampler designed by Bodman et al, (2). Comparisons of the samples analyzed with simultaneously collected salinity samples and complete hydrographical station data, provided criteria of good sampler performance. Ten-liter samples were drawn from the large sampler directly into acid-washed polyethylene containers. The ten-liter samples were acidified with 50 ml. purified 6N hydrochloric acid and stored on board ship. The pH after acidification was 1.5. 

Figure 7 (A) Map showing iocation of hydrographic stations aiong the southern end of the Kermadec Arc northeast of New Zeaiand. (B) i5( He)% contoured in section view aiong the southern end of the Kermadec Arc, showing He-rich water-coiumn piumes emanating from severai of these subduction zone voicanoes. From de Ronde et ai. (2000).

Figure 3 Bathymetric profiles of calcium carbonate (calcite) saturation for hydrographic stations in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (data from Takahashi etai 1980). Carbonate saturation here is expressed as ACOa ", defined as the difference between the in situ carbonate ion concentration and the saturation carbonate ion concentration at each depth ACOa " = [C03 ]seawater - [COa Jsaturation)-The saturation horizon corresponds to the transition from waters oversaturated to waters undersaturated with respect to calcite (A 003 = 0). This level is deeper in the Atlantic than in the Pacific because Pacific waters are COa-enriched and [C03 ]-depleted as a result of thermohaline circulation patterns and their longer isolation from the surface. The Atlantic data are from GEOSECS Station 59 (30°12 S, 39°18 W) Pacific data come from GEOSECS Station 235 (16°45 N,161°23 W).

During the strong spring tide series which coincided with the decline of the bloom, the vertical and horizontal advection indicated by cell counts and hydrographic data probably contributed significantly to the reduction in the population at stations near the head of the bay. A major wind event coupled with the strong tides may have driven a portion of the cells out of the bay. 

The scallop Adamussium colbecki was sampled from areas adjacent to Terra Nova Bay and Swoya research stations as well as from the Explorers Cove site which is hydrographically isolated from the influence of activities at the McMurdo Base (73). The study aimed at developing a circumpolar baseline for this species as regards trace elements in relation to the different habitat conditions. Determinations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were performed on all tissues combined. The concentrations found were generally lower than those for temperate and tropical scallop species. 

A synoptic characterization of the entire area of the Baltic Sea is hardly possible because conditions vary considerably at the local level. Therefore, separate descriptions of meteorological and hydrographic conditions will be given for the individual areas. The typical ice conditions will be described with respect to each area. The mean and extreme values of some important ice parameters (beginning and end of the ice season, number of days with ice, duration of the ice season and thickness of level ice if known) for selected stations can be found in Table 8.2. Relative frequency of ice occurrence in the B altic Seals shown in Fig. 8.4. 

In 1958-1960 as a result of the wide-scale hydrographic surveys the new Pilot of the Aral Sea [8] was published. In the early 1960s the standard network of century oceanographic stations of the open sea was introduced that conducted seasonal surveys of its water body including a plethora of standard hydrometeorological... 

Spencer D (1972) GEOSECS IE The 1970 North Atlantic Station Hydrographic features, oxygen, and nutrients. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 16 91-102. 

Cud) was measured In the water column off the Florida Coast on the SOLARS III cruise. Results from a cast taken at a station west of Tampa are shown In Figure 6. The cast was made at 1400 on a sunny, flat calm day optimal conditions for photochemical activity. Hydrographic data, obtained during a CTD cast Immediately afterwards Indicated a well stratified water column. The profile Indicates that Cu(I) Is present at the surface where It constitutes about 15Z of the total copper. The concentration declines with depth and Is below the limit of detection at 90m. The H 02 profile shows similar characteristics, with a surface maximum. 

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