Hydride complexes hydrogenation

Finally, selective hydrogenation of the olefinic bond in mesityl oxide is conducted over a fixed-bed catalyst in either the Hquid or vapor phase. In the hquid phase the reaction takes place at 150°C and 0.69 MPa, in the vapor phase the reaction can be conducted at atmospheric pressure and temperatures of 150—170°C. The reaction is highly exothermic and yields 8.37 kJ/mol (65). To prevent temperature mnaways and obtain high selectivity, the conversion per pass is limited in the Hquid phase, and in the vapor phase inert gases often are used to dilute the reactants. The catalysts employed in both vapor- and Hquid-phase processes include nickel (66—76), palladium (77—79), copper (80,81), and rhodium hydride complexes (82). Complete conversion of mesityl oxide can be obtained at selectivities of 95—98%. 

One and, sometimes, two hydrogen atoms can be introduced into hydride complexes [98], A variety of synthetic routes has been utilized, using methods... 

Hydrogen cyanide reactions catalysts, 6,296 Hydrogen ligands, 2, 689-711 Hydrogenolysis platinum hydride complexes synthesis, 5, 359 Hydrogen peroxide catalytic oxidation, 6, 332, 334 hydrocarbon oxidation iron catalysts, 6, 379 reduction... 

This is the first example of a proton transfer process to a hydride complex with a second-order dependence. Theoretical calculations indicate that the role of the HX molecules is the formation of W-H H-Cl- H-Cl adducts that convert into W-Cl, H2 and HCl2 in the rate-determining state through hydrogen complexes as transition states. 

Abstract Organic syntheses catalyzed by iron complexes have attracted considerable attention because iron is an abundant, inexpensive, and environmentally benign metal. It has been documented that various iron hydride complexes play important roles in catalytic cycles such as hydrogenation, hydrosilylation, hydro-boration, hydrogen generation, and element-element bond formation. This chapter summarizes the recent developments, mainly from 2000 to 2009, of iron catalysts involving hydride ligand(s) and the role of Fe-H species in catalytic cycles. 

Keywords Catalysis Electrochemical reduction Hydroboration Hydrogenation Hydrosilylation Iron hydride complex Photochemical reduction... 

In 1931, Hieber and Leutert reported Fe(CO)4(H)2 not only as the first iron hydride complex but also as the first transition-metal hydride complex (FeH2 was reported in 1929 from FeCl2 and PhMgBr under a hydrogen atmosphere. However, it exists only in a gas phase) [2, 3]. The complex synthesized from Fe(CO)5 and OH (Scheme 1) is isolable only at low temperature and decomposes at room temperature into Fe(CO)5, Fe(CO)3, and H2. 

These transition-metal catalysts contain electronically coupled hydridic and acidic hydrogen atoms that are transferred to a polar unsaturated species under mild conditions. The first such catalyst was Shvo s diruthenium hydride complex reported in the mid 1980s [41 14], Noyori and Ikatiya developed chiral ruthenium catalysts showing excellent enantioselectivity in the hydrogenation of ketones [45,46]. 

The proposed mechanism of H2 evolution by a model of [FeFeJ-hydrogenases based upon DFT calculations [204-206] and a hybrid quanmm mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) investigation is summarized in Scheme 63 [207]. Complex I is converted into II by both protonation and reduction. Migration of the proton on the N atom to the Fe center in II produces the hydride complex III, and then protonation affords IV. In the next step, two pathways are conceivable. One is that the molecular hydrogen complex VI is synthesized by proton transfer and subsequent reduction (Path a). The other proposed by De Gioia, Ryde, and coworkers [207] is that the reduction of IV affords VI via the terminal hydride complex V (Path b). Dehydrogenation from VI regenerates I. 

Transfer hydrogenation of aldehydes with isopropanol without addition of external base has been achieved using the electronically and coordinatively unsaturated Os complex 43 as catalyst. High turnover frequencies have been observed with aldehyde substrates, however the catalyst was very poor for the hydrogenation of ketones. The stoichiometric conversion of 43 to the spectroscopically identifiable in solution ketone complex 45, via the non-isolable complex 44 (Scheme 2.4), provides evidence for two steps of the operating mechanism (alkoxide exchange, p-hydride elimination to form ketone hydride complex) of the transfer hydrogenation reaction [43]. 

Two hydrogen bridges are present in some carbonyl hydride complexes. This is illustrated by the structure of the [H2W2(CO)8]2 anion,... 

The existence of two different rhodium species co-existing on the silica support can be used as an advantage by controlling their relative amount. Under standard hydroformylation conditions, the cationic species and the neutral hydride complex are both present in significant amounts. Hence hydroformylation and hydrogenation will both proceed under a CO/H2 atmosphere. Indeed a clean one-pot reaction of 1-octene to 1-nonanol was performed, using the supported catalyst for a hydroformylation-hydrogenation cascade reaction. 98 % of the 1-octene was converted in the... 

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