Hydrogen fluoride catalyst

Aromatic Aldehydes. Carbon monoxide reacts with aromatic hydrocarbons or aryl haHdes to yield aromatic aldehydes (see Aldehydes). The reaction of equation 24 proceeds with yields of 89% when carried out at 273 K and 0.4 MPa (4 atm) using a boron trifluoride—hydrogen fluoride catalyst (72), whereas conversion of aryl haHdes to aldehydes in 84% yield by reaction with CO + H2 requires conditions of 423 K and 7 MPa (70 atm) with a homogeneous palladium catalyst (73) and also produces HCl. 

Hydrogen fluoride Catalyst in some petroleum refining, etching glass, silicate extraction by-product in electrolytic production of aluminum Petroleum, primary metals, aluminum Strong irritant and corrosive action on all body tissue damage to citrus plants, effect on teeth and bones of cattle from eating plants... 

Figure 4.12. Alkylation unit (hydrogen fluoride catalyst).

Under standard Koch-Haaf conditions, 1,5-cyclooctadiene is converted via cation 43 to the thermodynamically favored tertiary system 44 which is captured to deliver carboxylic acid 45.10 71 When a hydrogen fluoride catalyst solvent system is utilized, however, the 2-carboxylic acid is formed instead.72 ... 

Hydrogen fluoride, catalyst for alkylations, 32, 91 Hydrogen iodide, 31,32 Hydrogenolysis of 2-thio-6-methyl-uracil, 36, 81... 

Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride catalyst/solvent is recovered and recycled with greater than 99.9% efficiency. 

Bronsted Acids. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is an inexpensive, easy to handle protic acid used widely as catalyst in hydrolysis, hydration and dehydration, elimination, substitution, and rearrangements. It also catalyzes aromatic electrophilic substitutions mostly Friedel-Crafts acylations and alkylations (22). A very important application of sulfuric acid is its use in commercial isoalkane-alkene alkylation technologies. These commercial processes are still based on the use of sulfuric acid (and hydrogen fluoride) catalysts (23). 

Prior to 1965, alkylbenzene production was synthesized from petroleum tetrapropylene reacted with an aluminium chloride or hydrogen fluoride catalyst and benzene. The resultant alkylate was a hard branched-chain compound that was considered slowly biodegradable. A straight-chain alkylate, termed LAB (linear alkylbenzene), has been produced since 1965 in the United States. Extensive research has demonstrated biodegradation effectiveness in sewage treatment plants in excess of 95 percent. ... 

Three basic processes have been practiced for linear alkylbenzene manufacture. The most prevalent route of alkylbenzene manufacture is by partial dehydrogenation of paraffins, followed by alkylation of benzene with a mixed olefin/paraffin feedstock, using liquid hydrogen fluoride catalyst. A second route is via partial chlorination of paraffins, followed by alkylation of the chloroparaffin/paraffin feedstock in the presence of an aluminium chloride catalyst. The third process uses partial chlorination, but includes a dehydrochlorination to olefin step prior to alkylation with aluminium chloride or hydrogen fluoride. 

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