Hydrogen chloride probe

Learning various kinds of chemical reactions and physical processes is an important element of all chemistry curricula. Earlier in this chapter we conunented on how students could recite the verbal definition of a strong acid but yet failed to select a visual representation that best illustrates the complete ionization of hydrogen chloride molecules. Another part of this study, conducted by Smith and Metz (1996), was probing students microscopic representation of the reaction... 

The ladder polysilanes can be used as useful probes for obtaining information on the stereochemistry of Si-Si bond cleavage reactions.60 Watanabe and co-workers64 and West and co-workers65 reported that the strained Si-Si bonds of cyclotetrasilanes such as [(z-Pr)2Si]4 and (Et2Si)4 are cleaved by hydrogen chloride, hydrochloric acid, and hydrobromic acid. However, to the best of our knowledge, no report has dealt with the... 

Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters have been measured for the chlorination of simple aliphatic and aryl alkyl ketones in strong acid media by chloramine-B (sodium A-chlorobenzenesulfonamide). Catalysis of the monochlorination of acetaldehyde in anhydrous carbon tetrachloride by trichloroacetic acid, and by hydrogen chloride, are reported. IR and UV spectroscopy have been used to probe the reaction of acetaldehyde with trichloroacetic acid in carbon tetrachloride. " Two cyclic 1 1 intermediates have been identified, and are found to be in equilibrium. 

The kinetics of displacement of chloride by substituted imidazoles from iron(III)-porphyrin complexes have been examined. Intermediates have been characterized, and the role of hydrogen bonding between the imidazole and the leaving chloride probed. 

Boron.—Reactions of boron trichloride with aromatic amines may proceed by formation of the Cl3B,NH2R adduct and then by hydrogen chloride elimination to give ClaB=NHR en route to the ultimate product (CIB—NR),. The mechanism of these reactions has been probed by isolation and characterization of intermediates, and stoicheiometric and kinetic studies -the kinetics can be followed by monitoring the evolution of hydrogen chloride. Photochemical reaction of triethylboron with iodine in cyclohexane takes place by a free-radical mechanism, indicated by the determined rate law. ... 

Figure 4.24 A schematic of the investigation of HTB AlF2.6(OH)o.4 using adsorption of the probe molecules CO, pyridine, lutidine and Cl]-hydrogen chloride. (Reprinted with permission from D. Dambournet, H. Leclerc, A. Vimont, J.-C. Lavalley, M. Nickkho-Amiry, M. Daturi and J. M. Winfield, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 11, 1369-1379 Copyright (2009) PCCP Owner Societies.)...

The as-formed DAF dlaminopyrene and benzidine polymers have a two-probe compaction resistivity of > 10 Qcm. Exposure of the DAF solid to hydrogen chloride causes its resistivity to decrease to 10 - lO Qcm, PANI... 

Horowitz, A. (1986), Use of hydrogen chloride as a probe for the determination of primary processes in acetaldehyde photolysis, J. Phys. Chem., 90, 4393 397. 

As we have previously suggested, this large hydrogen-bond-induced distortion to Zt -Cl bonds may be the result of an interaction between the relatively high-lying and filled metal-chloride bonding orbitals and the relatively low-lying and empty [9]. To further probe this hypothesis, a series of Extended... 

As an additional probe of metal activity, we monitored benzene hydrogenation activity. As seen in Figure 9, Pt-containing rare earth catalysts have lower hydrogenation activity than chlorided alumina catalysts this result reflects inhibition of metal activity on these supports relative to conventional transitional alumina supports. Whereas the acid strength can be adjusted close to that of chlorided and flourided aluminas, metal activity is somewhat inhibited on these catalysts relative to halided aluminas. This inhibition is not due to dispersion, and perhaps indicates a SMSI interaction between Pt and the dispersed Nd203 phase. 

Neutron attenuation Emits high-energy neutrons into the soil that collide with hydrogen atoms associated with soil water and counts the number of pulses, which is correlated to moisture content Consists of a probe inserted into access boreholes with aluminum or polyvinyl chloride casing... 

Zinc Chloride Hydrocracking—Batch Autoclave Work. All tests were made in a 316 stainless steel, 300-ml rocking autoclave. The equipment, the product work-up, analytical and calculational procedures used are all identical to those previously described (1). A constant hydrogen partial pressure was used in each run by monitoring it with a palladium-silver alloy probe within the authoclave. The sensitivity of the probe response was increased as compared with prior work by heat treating at... 

There have been both experimental and theoretical studies to probe the degree of concertedness in gas-phase substitutions as shown in Scheme 1. Is (2) an intermediate with a finite lifetime, or are the addition and elimination steps concerted so that (2) is a transition state Experimental molecular beam studies on the femtosecond time-scale have been reported for the reaction of chloride ions with the iodobenzene cation to yield chlorobenzene and iodine. The results show an 880 fs reaction time for the elimination process, indicating a highly non-concerted process, so that here the er-complex is an intermediate rather than a transition state.12 The reactions of halobenzene cations with ammonia have been interpreted in terms of the formation of an addition complex which may eliminate either halogen, X, or hydrogen halide, HX, depending on the nature of the halogen.13... 

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