Hydrogen Bayer process

Cold Hydrogenation A process for selectively hydrogenating petroleum fractions made by steam-reforming, in order to produce gasoline. Developed by Bayer and now in use in 70 refineries and chemical complexes worldwide. 

Two conventional processes were employed. In one process, aluminum hydroxide was produced by the so-called Bayer process, while in the other, hydrogen was produced by the steam reforming of natural gas. 

This process is similar to the Bayer process except that hydrogen peroxide is used as the oxidizing agent and the ketone used is methyl ethyl ketone ... 

Fig. 1.7-2. Flow sheet of the Bayer process for the manufacture of hydrogen fluoride.

Sodium iminodisuccinate belongs to the aminocarboxylate class of chelating agents. Nearly all anoinocarboxylates in use today are acetic acid derivatives produced from amines, formaldehyde, sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen cyanide. The industrial use of thousands of tons of hydrogen cyanide is an extreme toxicity hazard. In contrast, sodium iminodisuccinate is produced from maleic anhydride (a raw material also produced by Bayer), water, sodium hydroxide, and ammonia. The only solvent used in the production process is water, and the only side product formed—ammonia dissolved in water—is recycled back into sodium iminodisuccinate production or used in other Bayer processes. 

There are several processes available for the manufacture of cryoHte. The choice is mainly dictated by the cost and quaUty of the available sources of soda, alumina, and fluoriae. Starting materials iaclude sodium aluminate from Bayer s alumina process hydrogen fluoride from kiln gases or aqueous hydrofluoric acid sodium fluoride ammonium bifluoride, fluorosiUcic acid, fluoroboric acid, sodium fluosiUcate, and aluminum fluorosiUcate aluminum oxide, aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride, alumina hydrate and sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, and sodium aluminate. 

The manufacture of cryoHte is commonly iategrated with the production of alumina hydrate and aluminum trifluoride. The iatermediate stream of sodium aluminate from the Bayer alumina hydrate process can be used along with aqueous hydrofluoric acid, hydrogen fluoride kiln gases, or hydrogen fluoride-rich effluent from dry-process aluminum trifluoride manufacture. 

In the peracid process (Bayer-Degussa technology916) propionic acid is oxidized by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of H2S04 to yield perpropionic acid, which, in turn, is used to oxidize propylene to propylene oxide. The peracetic acid process (Daicel technology ) employs a mixture of acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, and... 

The catalytic gas-phase hydrogenation processes for nitrobenzene can be carried out using a fixed-bed or a fluidized bed reactor. Bayer and Allied work with nickel sulfide catalysts at 300°C to 475°C in a fixed bed. The selectivity to aniline is more than 99%. The catalytic activity slowly decreases due to carbon... 

The foremost licensors of these processes and of palladium catalysts are Amoco American Oil Co. BASF Badische Anilin itnd Soda Fabrik Bayer-lurgi, Engelhard (HPN), IFP, Lummus (DPG Hydrotreating), Mitsubishi, UOP Universal Oil Products etc. The industrial unit scheme is substant ly the same as for selective hydrogenation in the presence of nickel. However, the technology selected by Bayer differs in so far as the fee tock is cooled and the temperature maintained at the desired level by meaas of a refrigerant fluid or water. 

Hydrazine is formed in a multitude of chemical reactions. Only a few processes have acquired commercial importance. These all oxidize ammonia or urea, an ammonia derivative, to hydrazine. Sodium hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide is used as the oxidizing agent. Certain processes (Bayer-, H202-processes) operate in the presence of ketones. 

Typical catalysts for the fixed-bed vapor-phase hydrogenation include nickel sulfide deposited on alumina. For example, First Chemical Corporation (since 2002 a subsidiary of DuPont) employs the Lonza process, with a fixed-bed catalyst of copper on pumice. First Chemical is the world s second largest merchant producer of aniline, at Pascagoula, Mississippi, and Baytown, Texas, and supplies North American Bayer Corporation with its aniline requirements for polyurethanes8. Similar processes are operated by Bayer, with a palladium catalyst on an alumina support, modified with vanadium and lead. A catalyst of nickel sulfide on ammonia has also been revealed. 

Recently, Bayer reported a promising PO space-time yield of more than 0.2 gpo gcat h, with selectivity for PO of 95%, obtained with a propene/oxygen/hydrogen feed of molar composition 30 10 60, at 180 °C and 2 atm pressure [41a[. However, as with the other catalysts, the main problem was a rapid catalyst deactivation. Key issues of Bayer s process include ... 

The use of perpropionic add as an epoxidation agent for propylene has been proposed by BayeriDegussa, Interox (Carbochimique, laporte, Sofray) and Ugine Kuhlmann. The perpropionic add is produced by the oxidation of propionic add with hydrogen peroxide, in the presence of sulfuric acid. The propylene is epoxidized between 05 and 1.4.106 Pa absolute, at about 60 to 80°C, in the Bayer/Degussa process, which operates in the presence of benzene, and at 100°C in the Interox process, which uses 12-dichloropropane as a solvent. 

Another process developed by Bayer uses finely ground borosilicate glass, sodium and hydrogen ... 

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