Hydrofurans, reviews

Heterobimetallic homogeneous catalysts [e.g. (12)] have been developed26 for the alkylation of a range of aromatic compounds by n-activated alcohols. The superior electrophilicity is attributed to the high-valent T-Sn core in the structures. A review has appeared of reactions involving the hydroxyalkylation and cycloalkylation of arenes by hydrofurans, lactones, and unsaturated acids 27... 

The synthesis and uses of alkali metal phosphides have been reviewed. Alkali metal diphenyl-phosphides are readily obtained by cleavage of a phenyl group from PPh, by lithium in tetra-hydrofuran (THF), sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia or potassium in dioxane (equation 3). The metal-phenyl product can be destroyed by addition of a calculated amount of Bu Cl or NH4X. Usually MPPhj compounds are prepared in situ, but they can be isolated, usually as solvates. These compounds can also be obtained from Ph2PCl and the alkali metal, or from Ph2PH and alkyl-lithium. ... 

In addition to the light-induced reactions already reviewed elsewhere <1978HC(33)3>, the reductive degradation of 4 to 1-aminonaphthalene by irradiation in triethyl- or diethylamine as solvent should be mentioned <2002TH1>. 2-Methylnaphtho[l,8-r/i ]-l,2,3-triazin-2-ium-l-ide 5a is photostable toward broad-band UV or 254nm irradiation in ether (298 K) or in the crystal (303 and 213 K), but upon excimer laser excitation (351 nm) at 10 or 85 K the blue color of 5a is bleached with formation of the triaziridine 184 (Equation 60). The latter is stable in liquid methyltetra-hydrofuran (MTHF) at 110 K but is degraded upon 254 nm irradiation to several colorless products <1986AGE828> see also Section 9.01.3.4 and Table 11. 

In fact, the importance of the cationic photopolymerization lies beyond epoxides (39). Many oxygen-containing compounds, e.g., vinyl ethers, tetra-hydrofuran, oxetane, lactones, trioxane, and some unsaturated compounds (Fig. 3) can be polymerized by the same mechanism to form adhesives or coating materials. Crivello (43) reviews the scope of cationic photopolymerization, providing us with a perspective on this promising process. 

Freeze fracture has been used to study the structure of colloidal particles in water-oil mixtures stabilized by polymer emulsifiers. Microemulsions consisting of water, toluene, and graft copolymer composed of a polystyrene backbone and a PEO graft were deposited onto a small gold plate, quenched in liquid nitrogen in equilibrium with its own solid phase [582]. Replicas of the fractured surfaces were washed with tetra-hydrofuran, which showed the micellar structure of the copolymers. Classical microemulsions have been studied [583], and micellar aggregates of copolymers have been shown [584, 585]. Polymer latexes have been prepared using simUar methods by Sle)rtr and Robards [586]. The emphasis in this review was on the plastic deformation observed in the fi eeze fracture method and in ultrathin frozen sections. 

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