Hydroformylation polymer-related

Since the mid-1990s, most studies of polymer-related hydroformylation have involved the use of polymer-bound rhodium catalysts for the hydroformylation of small molecule olefins. However, a few recent papers have focused on the catalytic hydroformylation of high-molecular-weight polymers [previously, formyl loading higher than 50% had not been... 

Ruthenium is not an effective catalyst in many catalytic reactions however, it is becoming one of the most novel and promising metals with respect to organic synthesis. The recent discovery of C-H bond activation reactions [38] and alkene metathesis reactions [54] catalyzed by ruthenium complexes has had a significant impact on organic chemistry as well as other chemically related fields, such as natural product synthesis, polymer science, and material sciences. Similarly, carbonylation reactions catalyzed by ruthenium complexes have also been extensively developed. Compared with other transition-metal-catalyzed carbonylation reactions, ruthenium complexes are known to catalyze a few carbonylation reactions, such as hydroformylation or the reductive carbonylation of nitro compounds. In the last 10 years, a number of new carbonylation reactions have been discovered, as described in this chapter. We ex-... 

Hydrolysis of phosphites can be discussed from several points of view. Thus, besides their applications as flame retardants and stabilizers for polymers discussed earlier, [130] related phosphoric acid esters are constituents of important biomolecules (nucleotides). The reaction of the latter with water is a central aspect of their transformation, for example, activation and generation of energy. In hydroformylation, knowledge about the pathways and the nature of decomposition products is necessary to maintain a stable catalytic regime. Moreover, the formation of such acidic compounds over time can lead to the precipitation of insoluble gelatinous byproducts, which may block the recycle lines of a continuous technical reactor. 

Hughes, O.R. and Unruh, J.D. (1981) Hydroformylation catalyzed by rhodium complexes with diphosphine ligands. Journal of Molecular Catalysis, 12,71 Sanger, A.R. (1977) Hydroformylation of 1-hexene catalysed by complexes of rhodium(I) with di- or tritertiary phosphines. Journal of Molecular Catalysis, 3,221 Sanger, A.R. and Schallig, L.R. (1977) The structures and hydroformylation catalytic activities of polyphosphine complexes of rhodium(l), and related complexes immobilised on polymer supports. Journal of Molecular Catalysis, 3, 101 Pittman, C.U. and Hirao, A. (1978) Hydroformylation catalyzed by cis-chelated rhodium complexes - extension to polymer-anchored cis-chelated rhodium catalysts. The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 43, 640. 

---