Hydrodynamics dimensionless analysis

Numerous empirical correlations for the prediction of residual NAPL dissolution have been presented in the literature and have been compiled by Khachikian and Harmon [68]. On the other hand, just a few correlations for the rate of interface mass transfer from single-component NAPL pools in saturated, homogeneous porous media have been established, and they are based on numerically determined mass transfer coefficients [69, 70]. These correlations relate a dimensionless mass transfer coefficient, i.e., Sherwood number, to appropriate Peclet numbers, as dictated by dimensional analysis with application of the Buckingham Pi theorem [71,72], and they have been developed under the assumption that the thickness of the concentration boundary layer originating from a dissolving NAPL pool is mainly controlled by the contact time of groundwater with the NAPL-water interface that is directly affected by the interstitial groundwater velocity, hydrodynamic dispersion, and pool size. For uniform... 

Knowledge of the hydrodynamics of liquid flow and particle movement are required for scale-up and optimization of expanded-bed processes. Residence time distribution (RTD) analysis i.e., a plot of the dimensionless tracer concentration in the effluent stream versus the dimensionless time, can determine whether the liquid flow in the expanded bed is plug flow or well mixed. Using the method described by Levenspiel,6 values of mean residence time in the expanded bed (t), the dimensionless variance of the RTD curve,... 

Simultaneously developing flow in annular sector ducts for air (Pr = 0.7) has been analyzed by Renzoni and Prakash [287]. In their analysis, the outer curved wall is treated as adiabatic, and the boundary condition is imposed on the inner curved wall as well as on the two straight walls of the sector. The fully developed friction factors, incremental pressure drop numbers, hydrodynamic entrance lengths, and thermal entrance lengths are presented in Table 5.62. The term L y used in Table 5.62 is defined as the dimensionless axial distance at which /app Re = 1.05/ Re. The fully developed Nusselt numbers are represented by Nu/< in order not to confuse the reader since the thermal boundary condition applied in Renzoni and Prakash [287] is different from those defined in the section. 

Preparatory work for the steps in the scaling up of the membrane reactors has been presented in the previous sections. Now, to maintain the similarity of the membrane reactors between the laboratory and pilot plant, dimensional analysis with a number of dimensionless numbers is introduced in the scaling-up process. Traditionally, the scaling-up of hydrodynamic systems is performed with the aid of dimensionless parameters, which must be kept equal at all scales to be hydrodynamically similar. Dimensional analysis allows one to reduce the number of variables that have to be taken into accoimt for mass transfer determination. For mass transfer under forced convection, there are at least three dimensionless groups the Sherwood number, Sh, which contains the mass transfer coefficient the Reynolds number. Re, which contains the flow velocity and defines the flow condition (laminar/turbulent) and the Schmidt number, Sc, which characterizes the diffusive and viscous properties of the respective fluid and describes the relative extension of the fluid-dynamic and concentration boundary layer. The dependence of Sh on Re, Sc, the characteristic length, Dq/L, and D /L can be described in the form of the power series as shown in Eqn (14.38), in which Dc/a is the gap between cathode and anode Dw/C is gap between reactor wall and cathode, and L is the length of the electrode (Pak. Chung, Ju, 2001) ... 

The Navier-Stokes description of a fluid is more coarse-grained than the original LB equation, and to connect the microscopic scales with the hydrodynamic scales we follow a standard asymptotic analysis [103]. We first introduce a dimensionless scaling parameter e 1 and write... 

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