Hydrocarbons Cyclo

Concentrated sulphuric acid. The paraffin hydrocarbons, cyclo-paraffins, the less readily sulphonated aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylenes, etc.) and their halogen derivatives, and the diaryl ethers are generally insoluble in cold concentrated sulphiuic acid. Unsaturated hydrocarbons, certain polyalkylated aromatic hydrocarbons (such as mesitylene) and most oxygen-containing compounds are soluble in the cold acid. 

Cleaner IC-1 Mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons (cyclo. n. Iso). Shell 174-199 65 A III... 

It is the elimination of the OH group from these oxygenated compounds that explains why the IR analyses on the freshly produced oils show the absence of oxygen. The saturated hydrocarbons, cyclo-hydrocarbons and aromatics can be formed when alkyl radicals combine as shown below in Equations 14,15 and 16 respectively. 

Aromatic hydrocarbons, cyclo- and isoparaffins heterocyclic compounds (e.g., thiophene, pyrrole, pyridine) CHCI3 CQ CHatCClj-, CH3CHCI3 CHa CC CCI3CCI3 secondary straight-chain alcohols, thiols, nitriles, and halides primary amines with NH group attached to secondary carbon atom tertiary amines branched-chain ethers, thioethers, and secondary amines... 

To name this group of hydrocarbons, cyclo- is prefixed to the name of the alkane with the corresponding number of carbons. The cyclo-... 

The non-aromatic non-planar hydrocarbon cyclo-octatetraene adds two electrons on reaction with potassium in tetrahydrofuran, forming a planar aromatic dianion. The equilibrium... 

AU the liquids (at room temperature) of the families of straight-chain or branched hydrocarbons, cyclo-parafGns, and aromatics, with each other, for example, -hexane, 2-methyl-pentane, cyclohexane, benzene. 

Definition.—Sterols and steroids are derivatives of a tetra-cyclic hydrocarbon, cyclo-pentanophenanthrene, C17H28, which in the sterols is methylated and carries a side-chain, thus constituting the cholestane system. 

Monocyclic Aliphatic Hydrocarbons. Monocyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons (with no side chains) are named by prefixing cyclo- to the name of the corresponding open-chain hydrocarbon having the same number of carbon atoms as the ring. Radicals are formed as with the alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Examples ... 

When the terpene a-fenchene (isopinene) is hydrated by means of acetic and sulphuric acids, it yields an isomer of fenchyl alcohol, which is known as isofenchyl alcohol (q.v.), and which on oxidation yields iso-fenchone, as fenchyl alcohol yields fenchone. The two ketones, fenchone and isofenchone, are sharply differentiated by isofenchone yielding iso-fenchocamphoric acid, Cj Hj O, on oxidation with potassium permanganate, which is not the case with fenchone. According to Aschan,i the hydrocarbon found in turpentine oil, and known as /9-pinolene (or cyclo-fenchene—as he now proposes to name it), when hydrated in the usual manner, yields both fenchyl and isofenchyl alcohols, which on oxidation yield the ketones fenchone and isofenchone. According to Aschan the relationships of these bodies are expressed by the following formulae —... 

Alicyclic Hydrocarbons. These refer to cyclic analogues of aliphatic hydrocarbons and are named accordingly, using the piefix cyclo-." Their properties are similar to their open-chain aliphatic counterparts. Alicyclic hydrocarbons are subdivided into monocyclic (cycloalkanes, cycloalkenes, cycloalkynes, cycloalkadienes, etc.) and polycyclic aliphatic compounds. Monocyclic aliphatic structures having more than 30 carbon atoms in the ring are known, but those containing 5 or 6 carbon atoms are more commonly found in nature [47, p. 28]. 

The chain and branched chain saturated hydrocarbons make up a family called the alkanes. Some saturated hydrocarbons with five carbon atoms are shown in Figure 18-11. The first example, containing no branches, is called normal-pentane or, briefly, n-pentane. The second example has a single branch at the end of the chain. Such a structural type is commonly identified by the prefix iso- . Hence this isomer is called /50-pentane. The third example in Figure 18-11 also contains five carbon atoms but it contains the distinctive feature of a cyclic carbon structure. Such a compound is identified by the prefix cyclo in its name—in the case shown, cyclopentane. 

Cyclopentane has the low chemical reactivity which is typical of saturated hydrocarbons, while 2-pentene is much more reactive. Similarly, ring structures containing double bonds, called cyclo-alkenes, can be shown to be isomeric with alkynes. 

The cleavage of the C—H and C—O bonds in this reaction is compensated to a substantial extent by the formation of the tt-C—C and O—H bonds. The AH values for the discussing reactions involving H02 and two hydrocarbon peroxyl radicals PhMe2C02 and cyclo-C6Hn02 are given below [31]. 

Our interest in carbenes is closely related to our work on conjugated hydrocarbons containing four electrons. The parent molecules of three completely different families within this category are 1,3-cyclobutadiene (1), cyclo-propenylidene (2), and trimethylenemethane (3). 

Aniline present as an impurity in a hydrocarbon stream is to be hydrogenated to cyclo-hexylamine in a trickle bed catalytic reactor operating at 403 K (130°C). 

The hydrogenation of simple alkenes, such as hexene, cyclohexene, cyclo-hexadiene and benzene, has been extensively studied using biphasic, alternative solvent protocols. These hydrocarbon substrates are more difficult to hydrogenate compared to substrates with electron withdrawing groups. Benzene and alkyl substituted aromatic compounds are considerably more difficult to hydrogenate... 

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