Hydrocarbons Benzene series

Toluol or methylbenzene a hydrocarbon of the benzene series, used as a solvent for rubbers. p-Toluene Sulphonyl Hydrazide TSH, blowing agent. o-Tolyl Biguanidine OTBG, accelerator. 

Condensed aromatic hydrocarbons are reduced much more easily than those of the benzene series, both catalytically and by dissolving metals. 

J. Billing J. W. Fisher, 40, 6818 (1946). Incendiary projectiles are charged with a highly inflammable thickened fuel, prepd by dissolving a quantity of metallic soap of a fatty acid containing 10 or more C atoms per mole, in a liquid hydrocarbon, preferably of the benzene series... 

The formation of some of the halogen compounds of the olefines, and of hydrocarbons of the acetylene and benzene series, has already been alluded to on p. 48. 

Aryl group When a hydrogen atom is removed from a hydrocarbon of the benzene series, the result is an aryl group. 

Alberty, R. A., Kinetics and equilibrium of the polymerization of benzene series aromatic hydrocarbons in a flame. In Kinetic and Thermodynamic Lumping of Multicomponent Mixtures. (As-tarita, G., and Sandler, R. I., eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1991, p. 277. 

Benzene.—By far the most important and most numerous of these carbo-cyclic compounds have as their mother substance the hydrocarbon benzene, and the names Benzene Series, Benzene Compounds, or Benzene Derivatives are commonly used as synonymous with carbo-cyclic compounds. This has led to the usual classification of organic... 

Aromatic Compounds—The carbo-cyclic compounds which in number far exceed those of the aliphatic series were originally called aromatic compounds because many of them possess aromatic properties, e.g.j oil of wintergreen, oil of bitter almonds, etc. They were included with the paraffin compounds in the various groups of alcohols, aldehydes, acids, etc. Later it was found that they differed from the aliphatic compounds and finally it was shown that the hydrocarbon benzene is related to the aromatic compounds just as methane is to the aliphatic compounds, i.e,j as the mother substance. 

These two syntheses are of especial importance as showing the direct relationship between the hydrocarbons of the aliphatic series and the hydrocarbons of the benzene series. 

These relationships will be discussed more fully when we consider turpentine and camphor, and it will be found that these two important substances have the same ring structure as cymene. The other hydrocarbons of the benzene series need not be discussed in detail. It is sufficient to know of their existence in the homologous series as given in Table (p. 476). 

It is best to speak at this time of hydrocarbons derived from benzene by the substitution in the ring of unsaiurated open chain radicals. Just as the homologues of benzene are prepared by substitution of a saturated paraffin radical, methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc., in the benzene ring, so other series of hydrocarbons have been obtained by substituting radicals of the unsaturated open chain hydrocarbons of the ethylene and acetylene series. These new compounds will be poorer in hydrogen than the benzene series by two and four atoms respectively. 

The derivatives of the benzene series of hydrocarbons may be grouped in very nearly the same classes as the derivatives of the aliphatic hydrocarbons, as follows ... 

We speak of the halogen derivatives because in the benzene series we have both addition products and substitution products. While benzene, as we stated previously, does not act like an unsaturated compound it does, nevertheless, form relatively unstable addition products though with more difficulty than substitution products. The addition products of the unsaturated hydrocarbons of the paraffin series are very easily formed and are stable compounds in fact are identical with substitution products of the saturated series. 

Sulphuric Acid Derivatives.—In the aliphatic series we considered the hydroxyl derivatives immediately following the halogen derivatives because in that series the hydroxyl compounds are directly and eeisily prepared from the halogen substitution products by the action of silver hydroxide, AgOH, or sodium hydroxide, NaOH. In the benzene series the halogen derivatives are followed by the sulphuric acid derivatives because, in the first place, the halogen derivatives are not converted into hydroxyl compounds by treatment with silver hydroxide, and in the second place, because the sulphuric acid derivatives of the benzene hydrocarbons are easily formed directly from the hydrocarbons by action of sulphuric acid, which was not the case in the aliphatic series and because they are exceedingly important as they are readily transformed into other classes of compounds, e.g, hydroxyl compounds, phenols. 

In helium quantitative yield of HCI. remainder residue and hydrocarbons, benzene is major volatile hydrocarbons product aliphatic hydrocarbons, benzene (major product), toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xyiene, monochlorobenzene styrene, vinyl tcriuerre. p-dichlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, indene, 1,3.5-trichlorobenzene 1.2.4. richlorobenzene. naphthalene, u-methylnaphthalene. p-methylnaphthatene effect of ZnO. SnOj, and Ab03 on the yields of products Is also recorded HCI. CO2. ethene. ethane, propane, 1-butene. 2-butene. 1-pentene. cydopentene, n-pentane, 2-methylbulane, 1,3-pentadiene. 2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, complex series (60 Identlfled) of aromatic and polyaromatic species including benzene, styrene, methylstyrenes, toluene, o-xytene, m-xylene, p-xylene, biphenyl, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene. pyrene, etc. 

If one considers only hydrocarbons, and more especially the so-called alternant hydrocarbons, i.e. first of all the conjugated polyenes and the aromatic hydrocarbons of the benzene series, the greater part of their physical properties, ionization potentials, lower electronic transitions etc., can be interpreted qualitatively and often quantitatively in terms of the electronic structure of the n system alone. As the number of n electrons is small with respect to the total number of electrons of the molecule, a considerable simplification of the quantum-mechanical problem is obtained. However, it must be noted immediately that the assumptions of a complete a—n separation and of a rigid a frame are not sufficient to eliminate the a electrons completely from the theory because the n electrons of an unsaturated molecule are not attracted by bare nuclei, but are subject to an effective potential containing Coulomb and exchange contributions from the a electrons. 

The mon-add phenols of the benzene series are, in contrast to the corresponding hydrocarbons, very easily nitrated. In the nitration of benzene, in order to facilitate the elimination of the water, concentrated sulphuric add must be added whereas the action of concentrated nitric add alone upon phenol is so energetic, that in this case it must be diluted with water. Upon nitrating phenol, the o- and p-nitrophenols are formed simultaneously, the former of which is volatile with steam ... 

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