Hybridization of carbon

The axes of the sp orbitals point toward the corners of a tetrahedron Therefore sp hybridization of carbon is consistent with the tetrahedral structure of methane Each C—H bond is a ct bond m which a half filled Is orbital of hydrogen over laps with a half filled sp orbital of carbon along a line drawn between them... 

FIGURE 2 20 Bonding in acetylene based on sp hybridization of carbon The carbon-carbon triple bond is viewed as consisting of one cr bond and two tt bonds... 

Compound Hybridization of carbon to which X IS attached Bond energy kJ/mol (kcal/mol) ... 

The dichlorocarbene carbon atom is syj- -hybridized, with a vacant p orbital extending above and below the plane of the three atoms and with an unshared pair of elections occupying the third sp2 lobe. Note that this electronic description of dichlorocarbene is similar to that for a carbocation Section 6.9) with respect to both the sp2 hybridization of carbon and the vacant p orbital. Electrostatic potential maps further show this similarity (Figure 7.6). 

Hybrid orbital (Section 1.6) An orbital derived from a combination of atomic orbitals. Hybrid orbitals, such as the sp3, s/J2, and sp hybrids of carbon, are strongly directed and form stronger bonds than atomic orbitals do. 

The hybridization of carbon atoms is the major structural parameter controlling DLC film properties. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) has been extensively used to probe this structural feature [5. 6]. In a transmission electron microscope, a monoenergetic electron beam is impinged in a very thin sample, being the transmitted electrons analyzed in energy. Figure 27 shows a typical... 

The carbon atom can also undergo sp2 and sp hybridization. Later we will study the sp and sp2 hybridization of carbon when it forms double and triple bonds. 

What types of hybridization of carbon are in the compound acetic acid, CH3COOH ... 

Reactions (2) and (4) are isodesmic (70JA4896) (equal numbers of formal single and double bonds between the carbon atoms in reactants and products), and reactions (3) and (5) are classified as homodesmotic (75TCA121) [where, unlike (2) and (4), the number of bonds of every formal type is equal in reactants and products]. In both, particularly in reactions (3) and (5), the energy contribution to AH, stemming from the difference between the types of hybridization of carbon atoms as well as between the types of C(sp")—H bonds in reactants and products, is reduced to a minimum. 

Equation (6.8) is accurate for acyclic and six-membered cyclic saturated hydrocarbons. Smaller or larger cycles are not described by this equation [44,107,130]. Simple charge-shift correlations fail because of the changes in local geometry affecting the hybridization of carbon. 

Muller and Pritchard (90) have considered the effects of orbital hybridization of carbon on ACuh for C—H bonds. They used a C—H bond orbital of the form... 

FIGURE 1. Hybridization of carbon orbitals in CC and CH bonds of la deduced from Jcc and JCH coupling constants (left) and calculated using the Weinhold method (right)... 

This chapter draws on the introduction to organic formulas and nomenclature in Sections C and D, the concepts of the formation of cr-and Tr-bonds (Section 3.4), hybridization of carbon atoms (Sections 3.5-3.7), intermolecular forces (Sections 5.3-5.5), reaction enthalpy (Section 6.14), and reaction mechanism (Sections 13.10-13.12). 

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