Hybridization free-solution technique

The conformational flexibility and programmed assembly of a dumbbell-shaped polyoxometalate-organic hybrid molecule comprising two Dawson-type polyoxometalates linked by a 2,2 -bipyridine unit, which can be coordinate to metal ions, in this case of Zn, are described. SAXS, UV/ visible, and NMR spectroscopic techniques confirm that the hybrid molecules exist as the trans dumbbell in metal-ion-free solutions and can be reversibly transformed into the cis dumbbell through coordination upon the addition of ZnCla into a DMSO solution containing the hybrid. Subsequent addition of EDTA reverses the switching process by extg. the Zn cations from the hybrid. 

Although further studies are needed for a complete understanding of the electrode processes for the formation of the ZnO/dye hybrid structure, it is built up as consequence of free interaction of the constituent molecules and ions as seen in our studies. The use of a solution is essential for such processes. The present technique has widened the horizons for obtaining inorganic/organic hybrid materials. Further studies are expected to achieve the synthesis of various new materials with new and useful properties. 

It is very attractive to couple the 3D-RISM method with the KS-DFT for the electronic structure to self-consistently obtain both classical and electronic properties of solutions and interfaces. The 3D-RISM approach using the 3D-FFT technique naturally combines with the KS-DFT in the planewave implementation. The planewave basis set is convenient for the simple representation of the kinetic and potential energy operators, and is frequently employed for large systems. The hybrid KS-DFT/3D-RISM method is illustrated below by the example of a metal slab immersed in aqueous solvent [28]. In a self-consistent field (SCF) loop the electronic structure of the metal solute in contact with molecular solvent is obtained from the KS-DFT equations modified for the presence of the solvent. The electron subsystem of the interface is assumed to be at the zeroth temperature, whereas its classical counterpart to have temperature T. The energy parameter of the KS-DFT is replaced by the Helmholtz free energy defined as... 

Monoamine oxidase amperometric biosensor based on SPE were also modified with MWCNT by using the drop casting technique for the determination of antidepressants in model solutions and dosage forms. The authors used BSA protein which provided a matrix for the immobilization of the enzyme and protection of the enzyme activity when glutaraldehyde is used as a linker. Serafin et aZ. developed a label free dual immunosensor for the determination of human growth and prolactin hormones. The electrochemical immunosensor was based on CNT modify carbon SPE platform with the presence of poly(ethylene-dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and gold nanoparticles. Again, the hybrid nano-material composite facilitated a proper immobilization of the antibody on the electrode matrix. 

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