Hybrid wetting

Far from a wellbore, the velocity of reservoir fluids is about one linear foot per day. Near a wellbore, the velocity can increase one-hundred fold. A static or quasi-static test such as the sessile drop (contact angle) test may not represent the dynamic behavior of the fluids in the field. The dynamic Wilhelmy device gives results which are comparable in interface velocity to the field displacement rate. The interface in the Wilhelmy test described here moved at a steady rate of 0.127 mm/sec or 36 ft/day. The wetting cycle for a hybrid-wetting crude oil system was not affected by moving at a rate less than 1 ft/day. 

Figure 5. Hexadecane-oleic acid /water/glass wetting cycle with hybrid-wetting behavior.

Figure 4 shows the data for PTFE used as the solid phase with the same liquid/liquid system where an oil-wetting cycle is observed. When wetting cycles for plates of the minerals dolomite and marble were obtained for the hexadecane/water system, hybrid wetting cycles such as those shown in Figure 5 were seen. 

D microfabricated reactor devices are typically made by fabrication techniques other than stemming from microelectronics, e.g. by modern precision engineering techniques, laser ablation, wet-chemical steel etching or pEDM techniques. Besides having this origin only, these devices may also be of hybrid nature, containing parts made by the above-mentioned techniques and by microelectronic methods. Typical materials are metals, stainless steel, ceramics and polymers or, in the hybrid case, combinations of these materials. 

Singh, N., Buriak, P., Du, L., Singh, V., and Eckhoff, S.R. 1996. Wet milling characteristics of waxy com hybrids obtained from different planting locations. Starch/Stdrke 48, 335-337. 

Singh, V., Haken, A.E., Niu, Y.X., Zou, S.H., and Eckhoff, S.R. 1998a. Wet-milling characteristics of selected yellow dent com hybrids as influenced by storage conditions. Cereal Chem. 75, 235-240. 

Zehr, B E., Eckhoff, S.R., Singh, S.K., and Keeling, P.L. 1995. Comparison of wet-milling properties among maize inbred lines and their hybrids. Cereal Chem. 72, 491 497. 

The highlighted examples of gas phase hybridization clearly show that they are well suited for the deposition of metals and metal oxides. They are most practical when the nanocarbons are either surface bound or grown from a surface, such as CVD grown graphene and CNT forests. Improved control of layer thickness can be obtained, in comparison to wet chemical approaches, but the synthesis strategies generally require sophisticated equipment not often present in a laboratory. 

The in situ wet chemical approach requires less nanocarbon modification, especially for electrodeposition, and can produce thin, uniform, multilayer films. This is the method of choice for nanocarbon-polymer hybrids as the increased interfacial area reduces problems of nanocarbon insolubility and subsequent aggregation. Gas phase deposition offers the greatest control of thin film thickness but is suitable almost exclusively to the deposition of metals and metal oxides. 

Wet chemical approaches are easier to replicate as they generally do not require dedicated equipment, although occasionally hazardous materials are used. Conversely, gas phase hybridization requires dedicated facilities which are not available to all researchers. Gas phase and electrochemical deposition require the nanocarbon to be surface bound so are best used when the nanocarbon is prepared in this fashion. 

Another important consideration involves the hybridization of porous carbon with hierarchical 3D architectures, such as fibers or arrays. Wet chemical techniques are often useless as the mandatory solvent removal/drying typically results in the at least partial collapse of the nanocarbon pore structure. Gas phase deposition is a... 

Owing to these characteristics, PG has been extensively used for the adsorption of DNA and its derivatives. DNA was successfully adsorbed on PG by dry-adsorption at 100 °C [67]. The electrodes were stored in TriS buffer at 4 °C without loss of DNA, showing that DNA was firmly adsorbed on PG. It was demonstrated that the adsorbed ODN was also able to be hybridized with its complementary strand, suggesting that although DNA bases are compromised in the adsorption, they are still available for hybridization [67]. A composite film of DNA and the polyanionic perfluorosulfonated ionomer Nation was cast on PG by the layer-by-layer procedure performed by dry-adsorption [68]. In another approach, the PG surface was electrochemically pretreated at - 1.7 V for 60 s. DNA was then wet-adsorbed at the pretreated electrode surface from solutions containing 0.2 M NaCl, 10 mM Tris- HCl, pH 7.4, for 1 min followed by rinsing the electrode with distilled water [69,70]. 

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