Hyaluronic acid-derived, liquid

The efficacy of DBM is intensely dependent on the type of carrier as well. It has been reported that glycerol and ethylene oxide are not suitable carriers due to the high acidity with the damage to host cells (Lee et al., 2(X)5) and the loss of osteoinductive property (Russell and Block, 1999), respectively. However, the use of hyaluronic acid shows less harm to host cells (Lee et al., 2005). Ethanol, which is antibacterial, can maintain the osteoinductive potential when it is used as the carrier liquid (Russell and Block, 1999). Recently, Sawkins et al. have created hydrogel forms of bovine bone tissue-derived DBM and ECM, and found that the proliferation of mouse primary calvarial cells was improved. The creation of the soluble DBM and ECM may reduce the need for carrier liquids, possibly avoiding inflammation and toxicity, which may be caused by the use of carrier liquids (Sawkins et al., 2013). 

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