Hyaenas

East, M.L. and Hofer, H. (1991) Loud calling in a female-dominated mammalian society I. Structure and composition of whooping bouts of spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta). Anim. Behav. 42, 637-649. 

Hofer, H. and East, M.L. (1993a) The commuting system of Serengeti spotted hyaenas how a predator copes with migratory prey. I. Social organization. Anim. Behav. 46, 547-557. 

Holekamp, K.E., Boydston, E.E., Szykman, M., Graham, I., Nutt, K.J., Birch, S., Piskiel, A. and Singh, M. (1999) Vocal recognition in the spotted hyaena and its possible implications regarding the evolution of intelligence. Anim. Behav. 58, 383-395. 

Mills, M.G.L. and Gorman, M.L. (1987) The scent-marking behaviour of the spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta in the southern Kalahari. J. Zool. 212, 483-497. 

Mills, G. and Hofer, H. (1998) Hyaenas - Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Hyaena Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge. 

Engh, A.L., Esch, K., Smale, L. and Holekamp, K.E. (2000) Mechanisms of maternal rank inheritance in the spotted hyaena, Crocuta crocuta. Anim. Behav. 60, 323-332. 

Frank, L.G., Glickman, S.E. and Powch, I. (1990) Sexual dimorphism in the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta). J. Zool. Lond. 221, 308-313. 

Holekamp, K.E. and Smale, L. (1993) Ontogeny of dominance in free-living spotted hyaenas juvenile rank relations with other immature individuals. Anim. Behav. 46, 451 166. 

Holekamp, K.E., Smale, L. and Szykman, M. (1996) Rank and reproduction in the female spotted hyaena. J. Reprod. Fertil. 108, 229-237. 

Mills, M.G.L. (1990) Kalahari Hyaenas. Unwin-Hyman, London. 

The four species of hyena all scent mark plants with anal gland secretion ( pasting ). Different species concentrate their scent marks in different parts of their territories. In the resource-poor Kalahari, both brown Hyaena brunnea) and... 

Brown hyena Hyaena brunnea Pasting Gorman and Mills, 1984... 

Gorman, M. L. and Mills, M. G. L. (1984). Scent marking strategies in hyaenas (Mammalia). JOttraflZo/Zoolo (London) 202, 535-547. 

Kruuk, H. (1972). The Spotted Hyaena, a Study of Predation and Social Behavior. Chicago, IL University of Chicago Press. 

KoppexHHH (j)a3bi no v, o6uhho He Hyaena, nocxonbxy OTcyTCTByioT... 

Sorex cf. runtonensis Hinton—1 Cricetus cricetus ssp.—1 Apodemus sylvaticus (L.)—1 Arvicola cantiana (Hinton)—1 molar Pitymys arvalidens Kretzoi—3 M, Lagurus transiens Janossy—3 (2 Mj) Cams mosbachensis Soergel—4 Hyaena sp.—1... 

The fossil part of this old list is important because the small carnivores collected then, which are so important for stratigraphical determination, were not found in the localities discovered subsequently and presented here. In recent years Krolopp collected a fragment of a metatarsus at locality no. 8 (not analysed so far), which originated from an unusually small hyaena Crocotta crocuta superspecies). 

I have analysed various elements of the fauna elsewhere (Janossy, 1969a) the presence of a small hyaena and the fallow deer suggest that this animal assemblage also belongs to the Suttdian substage. 

Ursus arctos L.—95 Ursus spelaeus Ros.—Heinroth—-3 Fells spelaea Goldfuss—1 "Hyaena" spelaea Goldfuss—1 Cervus elaphus L.—7 Rupicapra rupicapra (L.)—1 Bison priscus (Bojanus)—1... 

Finally, I will list those Mousterian localities or layers, the faunal lists of which were given in Mottl (1941) and Vertes (1965), that contain mainly previously identified and sometimes mixed material, often without numbers of specimens. These include part of the brown layer of the Kiskevely cave, the layers c and e of the Szelim cave ( c , the hyaena horizon of Gaal was archaeologically sterile) which I reviewed in the collection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum. 

A 15-membered ring macrolide, 4-tetradecen-14-olide (Fig. 32,185), has been reported as an anal sac secretion of striped hyena Hyaena hyaena, and it may be used to mark territorial boundaries [204]. Ambrettolide (130) is a 17-membered ring macrolide produced by plants and insects (see Sections V.B and VI.A). It is also detected in the lipid from musk of muskrat Ondatra zibethica [205]. 

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