Human-skin in vitro

S. A. Hotchkiss, P. Hewitt, J. Caldwell, W. L. Chen, and R. R. Rowe. Percutaneous absorption of nicotinic acid, phenol, benzoic acid and triclopyr butoxyethyl ester through rat and human skin in vitro Further validation of an in vitro model by comparison with in vivo data. Food Chern. Toxicol. 30 891-899 (1992). 

Cronin MTD, Dearden JC, Moss GP, Murray-Dickson G (1999) Investigation of the mechanism of flux across human skin in vitro by quantitative structure-permeability relationships. Eur J Pharm Sci 7 325-330. 

Fullerton A, Andersen JR, Hoelgaard A, et al. 1986. Permeation of nickel salts through human skin in vitro. Contact Dermatitis 15 173-177. 

The penetration of dimethylfonnamide through excised human skin in vitro was evaluated by Bortsevich (1984), who showed that dimethylformamide was much better absorbed (51% in 4 h) than its aqueous solutions (15-60% v/v, < 1% in 4 h). 

Barber, E.D., Hill, T. Schum. D.B. (1995) The percutaneous absorption of hydroquinone (HQ) through rat and human skin in vitro. Toxicol. Lett., 80, 167-172... 

Additionally to the small monoterpenes described above, larger molecules (sesquiterpenes) have also been evaluated as enhancers. Thus, materials such as nerolidol increased 5-fluorouracil permeability over 20-fold through human skin in vitro [57], As larger lipophilic enhancers,... 

Aungst, B.J., N.J. Rogers, and E. Shefter. 1986. Enhancement of naloxone penetration through human skin in vitro using fatty acids, fatty alcohols, surfactants, sulfoxides and amides. Int J Pharm 33 2256. 

FIGURE 13.3 The cumulative amount of ketorolac as a function of time from elastic and rigid vesicle formulations across human skin in vitro. Elastic vesicles were clearly more effective as compared with rigid vesicles in the enhancement of ketorolac transport across the skin. The cumulative amounts found after 1 and 4 h of elastic vesicle treatment (corresponding to the time periods chosen for this study), however, were still very low. (Reproduced from Honeywell-Nguyen, P.L. et al., J. Invest. Dermatol., 123, 902, 2004. With permission from Blackwell Publishing.)... 

Hofland, H.E., et al. 1991. Interactions of non-ionic surfactant vesicles with cultured keratinocytes and human skin in vitro A survey of toxicological aspects and ultrastructural changes in stratum corneum. J Control Release 16 155. 

Van den Bergh, B.A., et al. 1999. Interactions of elastic and rigid vesicles with human skin in vitro Electron microscopy and two-photon excitation microscopy. Biochim Biophys Acta 1461 155. 

Nugroho, A.K., et al. 2004. Transdermal iontophoresis of rotigotine Influence of concentration, temperature and current density in human skin in vitro. J Control Release 96 159. 

Craane-van Hinsberg, W.H.M., et al. 1994. Iontophoresis of a model peptide across human skin in vitro Effects of iontophoresis protocol, pH and ionic strength on peptide flux and skin impedance. Pharm Res 11 1296. 

Liu, P., Bergstrom, T., and Good, W. Co-transport of estradiol and ethanol through human skin in vitro Understanding permeant/enhancer flux relationship. Pharm. Res. 8 938-944, 1991. 

Liu, P., and Bergstrom, T. Quantitative evaluation of aqueous isopropanol enhancement on skin flux of terbutaline (sulfate) II. Permeability contribution of equilibrated drug species across human skin in vitro. J. Pharm. Sci. 85 320-325, 1996. 

H. Bodde, M. Kruithof, J. Brussee, and H. Koerten, Visualisation of normal and enhanced HgCl2 transport through human skin in vitro. Int. J. Pharm. 253 13-24 (1989). 

M. Kirjaivainen, A. Urtti, I. Jaaskelanen, T. M. Suhonen, P. Paronen, R. Valjakka-Koskela, J. Kiesvaara, and J. Monkkonen, Interactions of liposomes with human skin in vitro—the influence of lipid composition and structure, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1304 179-189 (1996). 

M. E. M. J. van Kuyk-Meuwissen, H. E. Junginger, and J. A. Bouwstra, Interactions between liposomes and human skin in vitro, a confocal laser scanning microscopy study, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 7377 13-39 (1998). 

The automatic flow-through diffusion cell system described is designed to allow the rapid analysis of drug flux through human skin in vitro with minimum variability. 

The absorption (if any) of hydrogen chloride vapor and aerosol through intact human skin in vitro should be studied ... 

Short, S. M., Rubas, W., Paasch, B. D., Mrsny, R. (1995), Transport of biologically active interferon-gamma across human skin in vitro, Pharm. Res., 12,1140-1145. 

If appropriate dermal penetration data are available for rats in vivo and for rat and human skin in vitro, the in vivo dermal absorption in rats may be adjnsted in light of the relative absorption throngh rat and human skin in vitro. The latter adjustment may be carried out because the permeability of human skin is often lower than that of animal skin (McDougal et al., 1990 Sato et al., 1991 Barber et al., 1992 Howes et al., 1996). A generally applicable correction factor for extrapolation to man can, however, not be derived, because the extent of overestimation appears to be agent- and animal-specific (Bronaugh and Maibach, 1987 ECETOC, 1993). 

Hewitt, G.G., J. Perkins and S.A.M. Hotchkiss (2000). Metabolism of fluroxypyr, fluroxypyr methyl ester, and the herbicide fluroxypyr methylheptyl ester. I. During percutaneous absorption through fresh rat and human skin in vitro. Drug Metabol Disp., 28, 748-754. 

Bodde and co-workers [46] studied the effect of DMSO and propylene glycol pretreatment (24 hours) on the route of penetration of mercuric chloride in human skin in vitro as a function of time (see Fig. 4). DMSO-induced effects... 

Cooper, E. R., Merritt, E. W. and Smith, R. L. Effect of fatty acids and alcohols on the penetration of acyclovir across human skin in vitro. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 74(6) 688-689, 1985. 

---