Human immunodeficiency virus infection, dementia

Gendelman HE, Zlreng J, Coulter CL, Ghorpade A, Che M, Thylm M, RubocM R, Persidsky Y, Hahn F, Reinhard J, Jr., Swindells S (1998) Suppression of inflammatory neurotoxins by highly active antiretroviral dierapy in human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia. J Infect Dis 178 1000—1007. 

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Moore DJ, Masliah E, Rippeth JD, Gonzalez R, Carey CL, Cherner M, Ellis RJ, Achim CL, Marcotte TD, Heaton RK, Grant I (2006) Cortical and subcortical neurodegeneration is associated with HIV neurocognitive impairment. Aids 20(6) 879-887 Nath A (2002) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteins in neuropathogenesis of HIV dementia. J Infect Dis 186(Suppl 2) S193-S198... 

Brengel-Pesce K, Innocenti-Francillard P, Morand P, Chanzy B, Seigneurin JM (1997) Transient infection of astrocytes with HIV-1 primary isolates derived from patients with and without AIDS dementia complex. J Neurovirol 3 449-454 Budka H, Costanzi G, Cristina S, Lechi A, Parravicini C, Trabattoni R, Vago L (1987) Brain pathology induced by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A histological, immunocytochemical, and electron microscopical study of 100 autopsy cases. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 75 185-198... 

Liu Y, Tang XP, McArthur JC, Scott J, Gartner S (2000) Analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gpl60 sequences from a patient with HIV dementia evidence for monocyte trafficking into brain. J Neurovirol 6(Suppl 1) S70-S81 Liu H, Dow EC, Arora R, Kimata JT, Bull LM, Arduino RC, Rice AP (2006) Integration of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in untreated infection occurs preferentially within genes. J Virol 80(15) 7765-7768... 

Nath A (2002) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteins in neuropathogenesis of HIV dementia. J Infect Dis 186(Suppl. 2) S193-198... 

As might be predicted from these similarities between PNS and CNS, many disease entities can affect both these tissues. It should be noted, however, that the clinical expression of such diseases is variable and is sometimes restricted to the PNS. For example, patients with thiamine deficiency may display symmetrical distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy without accompanying CNS degeneration. Untreated infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may cause early polyneuropathy, with dementia appearing months or years later. Similarly, patients with sulfatidase deficiency or adrenoleukodystrophy may present initially with polyneuropathy, while their CNS dysfunction remains clinically undetectable. 

Ghorpade A, Persidskaia R, Suiyadevara R, Qie M, Liu XJ, Persidsky Y, Gendelman HE (2001) Mononuclear phagocyte differentiation, activation, and viral infection regulate matrix metalloproteinase expression Implications for human immunodeficiency virus type 1-associated dementia. J Virol 75 6572-6583. 

Chronic oxidative stress occurs in brain tissues of HTV-infected patients and is associated with the development of human immunodeficiency virus (HlV)-associated dementia. Recently, the HIV-1 Tat gene was shown to induce SMOX activity, resulting in ROS generation and a reduction in intracellular spermine content in neuroblastoma cells. These studies provided evidence that SMOX-derived H2O2 induces oxidative stress that plays a role in neuronal cell death and the etiology of dementia associated with HIV infection (Capone et al. 2013). 

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