Human epidermal membrane

Li, S.K, A.-H. Ghanem, K.D. Peck, and W.I. Higuchi. 1997. Characterization of the transport pathways induced during low to moderate voltage iontophoresis in human epidermal membrane. J Pharm Sci 87 40. 

Peck, K.D., et al. 1996. Quantitative description of the effect of molecular size upon electroosmotic flux enhancement during iontophoresis for a synthetic membrane and human epidermal membrane. J Pharm Sci 85 (7) 781. 

FIGURE 15.1 Instantaneous flux of estradiol through human epidermal membrane. Membranes were electroporated by either 5 x 100 V pulses with a pulse width of 100 ms (closed symbols) or 50 x 100 V pulses with a pulse width of 10 ms (open symbols) (n — 3). 

FIGURE 15.3 Instantaneous flux profiles of estradiol through human epidermal membrane during a three stage experiment. Electrical procedures were iontophoresis (0.8 mA/cm2), electroporation (5 x 100 Y pulses with a pulse width of 100 ms), or electroporation followed by iontophoresis (n = 5-9). 

Higuchi, W.I., et al. 1999. Mechanistic aspects of iontophoresis in human epidermal membrane. J Control Release 62 13. 

Inada, H., W.I. Higuchi, and A. Ghanem. 1994. Studies on the effects of applied voltage and duration on human epidermal membrane alteration/recovery and the resultant effects upon iontophoresis. Pharm Res 11 687. 

Robbins, C. and Fernee, K., Some observations on the swelling of human epidermal membrane. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 34 21-34, 1983. 

Figure 9.1 In vitro absorption of testosterone through (a) human full-thickness skin membranes of approximately LOO mm thickness or (b) human epidermal membranes after 24 h exposure. Testosterone was applied at a dose of 15p,g/cm and each independent experiment was performed with four to six membranes obtained from the abdominal skin of one donor...

Peck, K. D Ghanem, A. H., Higuchi, W. I. and Srinivasan, V. (1993). Improved stability of the human epidermal membrane during successive permeability experiments. Int. J. Pharm. 95 141-147. 

Peck, K. D., Ghanem, A. H. and Higuchi, W. 1. (1994). Hindered diffusion of polar molecules through and effective pore radii estimates of intact and ethanol treated human epidermal membrane. Pharm. Res. 77 1306-1314,... 

Smyth HD, Becket G, and Metha S. Effect of permeation enhancer pretreatment on the iontophoresis of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) through human epidermal membrane (HEM). J. Pharm. Sci. 2002 91 1296-1307. 

Li, S.K. Higuchi, W.I. Kochambilli, R.P. Zhu, H. Mechanistic studies of flux variability of neutral and ionic permeants during constant current DC iontophoresis with human epidermal membrane. Int. J. Pharm. 2004, 273, 9-22. 

The resultant data are consistent with the studies reviewed by Renshaw who reported a penetration range of 60-240 pg cm h measured using a variety of in vitro techniques over a skin temperature range of 23-37 °C. Chil-eott et al reported the flux of S-SM from saturated vapour under occluded conditions through heat-separated human epidermal membranes as 110 75 pg cm" h", which compared well to the figure of 162 pg cm h derived by Nagy et by calculating the difference between SM delivered to and recovered from the application device used to expose the skin of human volunteers. 

---