Human bites treatment

Successful antibiotic treatment should be continued until return of the temperature and peripheral leukocyte count to normal. However, persisting or returning fever and leukocytosis should lead to discontinuation of the antibiotics and prompt re-evaluation with imaging and surgical re-exploration rather than an escalation of the antibiotic treatment. Open complicated fractures should be treated for 5 days. Animal and human bites are treated with amoxycillin-clavulanic acid for 5 days. 

H. influenzae, gonococci, and E. coli. It also is effective in the treatment of acute otitis media in children, sinusitis, animal or human bite wounds, cellulitis, and diabetic foot infections. The addition of clavulanate to ticarcillin (timentin) extends its spectrum to include aerobic gram-negative bacilli, S. aureus, and Bacteroides spp. There is no increased activity against Pseudomonas spp. 

Malaria is transmitted by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito, one of the few species of the insect capable of carrying the human malaria parasite. The responsible protozoa ate from the genus P/asmodium of which only four of some 100 species can cause the disease in humans. The remaining species affect rodents, reptiles, monkeys, birds, and Hvestock. The species that infect humans are P/asmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale. Note that concomitant multiple malaria infections are commonly seen in endemic areas, a phenomenon that further compHcates choice of treatment. 

The most effective agent for the treatment (and prophylaxis) of human and animal bite-wound infections is amoxicillin-clavulanate. Alternatives for patients with significant penicillin allergies include either a fluoroquinolone or TMP-SMX in combination with clindamycin. Doxycycline also may be prescribed. The durations of prophylaxis and treatment generally are 3 to 5 and 10 to 14 days, respectively.3... 

Coelho LK, Silva E, and Espositto C (1992) Clinical features and treatment of elapidae bites Report of three cases. Human Experimental Toxicology 11 135-137. 

The incubation period ranges from I to 2 weeks, with an average of 12 days. Rickettsia Canada cannot be directly transmitted from human to human, but it is a bloodbome pathogen, and universal precautions should be practiced. Victims are infective for hce from the time in which the febrile (fever) illness is present and for 2 to 3 days after the body temperatme returns to normal. Infection remains in the louse for 2 to 6 days after biting the source, although it may occur quicker if the louse is crushed. Symptoms include headache, chills, fever, prostration, and general pains. On the 5th or 6th day, a macular eruption (unraised spots on the skin) occurs on the upper trunk and spreads to the entire body (except for the face, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet). The illness lasts for approximately 2 weeks. Without treatment, the fatahty rate is about 10 to 40%. Treatment involves antibiotic therapy with tetracyclines and chloramphenicol. 

Bubonic plague—Bubonic plague is transmitted to humans through bites of infected animals, usually by rodents or rabbits. The pneumonic form of plague is transmitted directly from an infected person through coughing. Because plague can be fatal, full medical treatment is required. 

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